Ovarian Cycle and Oogenesis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the initial stage of oogenesis called?

  • Follicular phase
  • Primary oocyte stage (correct)
  • Ovulatory stage
  • Secondary oocyte stage

Which hormone primarily regulates the ovarian cycle?

  • Insulin
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) (correct)
  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone

What structure does the egg pass through after ovulation?

  • Fallopian tube (correct)
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
  • Uterus

What is the primary factor influencing a woman's biological clock?

<p>Age-related decline in egg quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is menopause characterized by?

<p>The cessation of ovulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a common birth control method?

<p>Hormonal implants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During fertilization, which part of the sperm is responsible for penetrating the egg's outer layer?

<p>Acrosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of hormonal control, which hormone surges to trigger ovulation?

<p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do intrauterine membranes play during pregnancy?

<p>Facilitate oxygen exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is considered the first point of development after fertilization?

<p>Zygote (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are primarily involved in the female reproductive system's role in fertilization?

<p>Ovaries and Fallopian tubes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the completion of meiosis II in the secondary oocyte?

<p>Fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atresia in the context of female reproductive health?

<p>Degeneration of primordial follicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterus is responsible for contractions during childbirth?

<p>Myometrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does oogenesis stop during a female's development before puberty?

<p>Meiosis I at prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures partially wraps around the ovaries to catch the oocyte after ovulation?

<p>Fimbriae of the uterine tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of ovarian changes lasts from day 1 through 13?

<p>Follicular phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many primary oocytes does a female have at birth?

<p>2 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the implantation of the embryo?

<p>Endometrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main hormonal trigger for ovulation?

<p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oogenesis is incorrect?

<p>Oogenesis continues uninterrupted until menopause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase is the corpus luteum formed?

<p>Luteal phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?

<p>To maintain the thickening of the endometrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the vagina opens between the labia?

<p>Vaginal canal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the majority of follicles during ovarian development?

<p>Most undergo atresia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does increased estradiol play during the follicular phase?

<p>Stimulates the production of FSH receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal changes trigger the sloughing of the endometrium?

<p>Decreasing levels of estradiol and progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oral contraceptives primarily mimic which hormone to prevent ovulation?

<p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do high levels of estradiol and progesterone have on FSH and LH secretion?

<p>Inhibit their secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rhythm method of contraception rely on for its effectiveness?

<p>Body temperature changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes menopause?

<p>Cessation of ovarian activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does progesterone peak after ovulation?

<p>1 week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the LH surge?

<p>Release of secondary oocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to FSH and LH levels in menopausal women?

<p>They increase due to lack of negative feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of menopause?

<p>Hot flashes caused by vasomotor disturbances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of atresia in follicle development?

<p>Elimination of unused follicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do subdermal hormonal implants play in contraception?

<p>They inhibit ovulation and thicken cervical mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution is typically taken during the use of oral contraceptives?

<p>Take placebo pills for one week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for women after menopause?

<p>Increased risk for atherosclerosis and osteoporosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What states have no sales tax?

Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire, and Oregon do not have sales tax.

What states are exempting essential hygiene products?

Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Nevada, and Pennsylvania have exempted essential hygiene products from sales tax.

Ovaries

The female gonads where oocytes and sex steroids are produced.

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

These tubes transport the egg after ovulation and are the most common site of fertilization.

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Uterus

The site of embryonic development, consisting of the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.

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Endometrium

The inner layer of the uterus where the embryo implants and develops, composed of the stratum basale and stratum functionale.

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Myometrium

The middle smooth muscle layer of the uterus that contracts to expel the baby during birth.

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Perimetrium

The outer connective tissue layer of the uterus.

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Vagina

The organ of copulation, opening between the labia majora and minora.

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Clitoris

Erectile tissue in females.

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Homologous Structures

Structures in different species that have underlying similarities due to common ancestry, even if they have different functions.

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Oogonia

Early germ cells in females that begin meiosis to produce primary oocytes.

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Primary Oocytes

Immature egg cells that are arrested at prophase I of meiosis I, formed from oogonia.

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Atresia

The process where primordial follicles die off in the ovaries.

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What are the three phases of the ovarian follicular cycle?

The ovarian follicular cycle has three phases: the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.

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Follicular Phase

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the development of follicles in the ovary, starting with primary follicles and culminating in a Graafian follicle. This phase is marked by increasing levels of estradiol (estrogen) production from granulosa cells.

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Ovulation

Ovulation is the release of a secondary oocyte from the Graafian follicle. It is triggered by a surge in LH, which causes the follicle to rupture.

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Luteal Phase

The luteal phase begins after ovulation, when the ruptured follicle transforms into a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes both estradiol and progesterone, with progesterone levels peaking about a week after ovulation. These hormones feedback on the pituitary, inhibiting FSH and LH secretion.

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What role does FSH play in the follicular phase?

FSH stimulates the development of follicles during the follicular phase. It increases the number of FSH receptors on the follicles, making them more sensitive to FSH. It also stimulates the production of LH receptors on mature follicles.

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How does estradiol influence the follicular phase?

Estradiol, produced by granulosa cells, increases during the follicular phase. It helps mature the follicle and stimulates the hypothalamus to release more GnRH, leading to an increase in LH production by the anterior pituitary.

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What is the role of LH in the follicular phase?

LH plays a crucial role as the follicular phase progresses. Increased estradiol levels stimulate LH receptor production on the mature follicle. This sets the stage for the LH surge, which triggers ovulation.

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What is the relationship between FSH and LH in the follicular phase?

FSH stimulates follicle growth, which in turn leads to increased estradiol production. Estradiol, in a positive feedback loop, stimulates the production of LH receptors on the mature follicle, making it receptive to the LH surge, which ultimately triggers ovulation.

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What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into a corpus luteum under the influence of LH. The corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone, with progesterone reaching peak levels about a week after ovulation.

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Corpus Luteum

A temporary endocrine gland that develops in the ovary after ovulation. It secretes progesterone and estradiol, which prepare the endometrium for a potential pregnancy.

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Ovarian cycle

A monthly cycle of events in the ovary that includes the development and release of an egg (ovulation) and the preparation of the uterus for a possible pregnancy.

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Hormonal Birth Control

Methods of birth control that use hormones to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or alter the uterine lining.

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Oral Contraceptives

Hormonal birth control pills that contain synthetic estradiol and progesterone, mimicking a prolonged luteal phase and preventing ovulation by inhibiting the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Small, T-shaped devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They can be hormonal or non-hormonal.

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Menopause

A natural biological process that marks the end of a woman's reproductive years, characterized by cessation of menstruation and ovarian activity.

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Estradiol

A type of estrogen hormone, primarily produced by the ovaries, that plays a crucial role in the development of female reproductive organs and characteristics.

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FSH and LH

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are two hormones produced by the pituitary gland that regulate the ovarian cycle.

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Oogenesis Stages

The process of egg cell development, involving phases: primordial germ cells, oogonia, primary oocytes, secondary oocytes, and ovum.

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Ovulated Egg Journey

An ovulated egg travels through the fallopian tube, uterus, and cervix, finally reaching the vagina.

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Ovarian Cycle Hormones

The cycle is regulated by hormones: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) from the pituitary gland, and estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries.

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External Influence on Cycle

The female reproductive cycle is influenced by hormones like GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus.

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Biological Influence on Fertility

Factors like age, genetics, lifestyle, and health conditions impact fertility. Egg quality and hormone levels change with age.

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Birth Control Methods

Various methods exist, including hormonal (pills, patches, implants), barrier (condoms), and surgical (tubal ligation, vasectomy).

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Fertilization

The union of a sperm and an egg, occurring in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote.

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Development Stages

The zygote undergoes cleavage, forming a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. This develops into an embryo, then a fetus, culminating in birth.

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Hormonal Control in Development

Key hormones include hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, and progesterone. These maintain pregnancy and facilitate fetal growth.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Describe the stages of oogenesis.
  • Trace an ovulated egg through the female reproductive tract, identifying structures and their functions.
  • Draw a diagram explaining the ovarian cycle, including involved hormones and timing.
  • Explain the external hormonal influences on the female reproductive cycle and biological influences on female fertility.
  • Detail available birth control options and their mechanisms.
  • Define menopause and its process.
  • Detail the process of fertilization.
  • Describe embryonic development from zygote to birth, focusing on controlling hormones.
  • Explain the relationship between the mother and fetus concerning intrauterine membranes.
  • Describe labor and delivery processes and related hormones.

Ovarian Cycle and Oogenesis

  • Oogenesis is the process of egg production.
  • Oogonia begin meiosis in the fetus but stop at prophase I.
  • At birth, an ovary contains millions of primary oocytes (arrested at prophase I) destined for ovulation.
  • By puberty, this number greatly diminishes.
  • Only about 400 oocytes will mature and ovulate during a woman's reproduction years.
  • Ovulation involves follicle maturation, release of a secondary oocyte, and subsequent hormonal changes.
  • The ovarian cycle is controlled by FSH and LH, triggering oocyte maturation and release.

Fertilization

  • Fertilization occurs when sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte.
  • A zygote is formed, which undergoes cleavage and cell division.
  • This develops into a morula, a solid ball of cells.
  • The morula forms a blastocyst, which consists of an outer layer (trophoblast) and an inner cell mass.
  • Implantation is the process where the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall.
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by the trophoblast, maintaining the corpus luteum and ensuring progesterone production.

Pregnancy

  • Implantation marks the beginning of pregnancy.
  • Embryo development occurs from the inner cell mass.
  • The corpus luteum produces progesterone, supporting the pregnancy.
  • The placenta gradually takes over progesterone and estrogen production.
  • Hormonal interaction between mother and fetus maintains pregnancy and development.

Labor and Delivery

  • Labor is a series of uterine contractions.
  • The hypothalamus regulates oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary.
  • Oxytocin stimulates stronger uterine contractions.
  • Prostaglandins are produced by the uterus, intensifying contractions.
  • The fetus descents and pressure on the cervix initiates oxytocin release and further contractions.
  • A positive feedback loop ensures expulsion of the fetus and the placenta.

Lactation

  • Mammary glands contain lobules with alveoli.
  • Alveoli generate milk for the nursing infant.
  • Prolactin controls milk secretion.
  • Oxytocin causes smooth muscles to contract, expelling milk ("milk ejection reflex").

Menopause

  • Menopause marks cessation of ovarian activity and menstrual cycles.
  • Reduction in estrogen and progesterone occurs.
  • This leads to various physiological changes.
  • Menopause typically occurs around age 50.
  • Menopausal women are at higher risk for osteoporosis due to the lost ability in estrogen production.

Contraceptive Methods

  • Various methods prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation, preventing fertilization, or physically preventing pregnancy occurrence.
  • Oral contraceptives mimic progesterone to block ovulation.
  • Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) impede fertilization or ovulation for an extended period.
  • The rhythm method tries to avoid intercourse around ovulation time.

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Female Reproductive System - Past Paper PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the stages of oogenesis, the ovarian cycle, and the processes involved in female fertility and reproduction. This quiz covers hormonal influences, birth control options, and the journey from fertilization to birth. It is an essential review for anyone studying female reproductive biology.

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