Ovarian Cycle and Hormones

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Raloxifene (Evista)?

Stimulating uterine and breast tissue growth

Increasing vasomotor activity to reduce hot flashes

Protecting the body against osteoporosis without stimulating uterine or breast tissue (correct)

Regulating calcium levels to prevent osteoporosis

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hot flashes?

Night sweats

Dizzy spells

Weakness

Fatigue (correct)

What is the approved use of Salmon Calcitonin?

Preventing osteoporosis in healthy individuals

Treating osteoporosis in women who are less than five years post menopause

Treating osteoporosis in men

Treating osteoporosis in women who are five years post menopause (correct)

What type of changes occur in the reproductive system during menopause?

Physical changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of Salmon Calcitonin on bone metabolism?

Inhibiting bone loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of Biphosphonates in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis?

Increasing bone density Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Prostaglandin E in the endometrium?

To relax smooth muscle and act as a vasodilator Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age range for the onset of menstruation?

9 to 17 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Prostaglandin F in the uterus?

To stimulate the contraction of smooth muscle and constrict arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cavity that forms in the follicle as it develops?

Antrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fluid that fills the antrum of the follicle?

Liquor folliculi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen in the uterine endometrium?

To stimulate the growth and proliferation of endometrial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the changes that occur in the uterine endometrium in preparation for implantation?

Endometrial growth and differentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the outer layer of connective tissue that forms around the follicle?

Theca externa Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of progesterone found in the urine?

Pregnanediol Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on the uterine muscles?

Relaxes uterine muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase of the ovarian cycle during which the blood levels of estradiol in the bloodstream begin to rise?

Follicular phase Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the majority of the follicles a few days prior to ovulation?

They begin to regress or degenerate Signup and view all the answers

What is thought to be the cause of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on the body's temperature?

Increases basal body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the secretory changes in the endometrium caused by progesterone?

Pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase of the ovarian cycle that occurs after ovulation?

Luteal phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated average iron loss during menstruation?

12-29 mgs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cessation of menstruation marking the end of reproductive abilities?

Menopause Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period of time prior to menopause during which the woman's menstrual cycle becomes unstable?

Perimenopause Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the surgical removal of ovaries?

Oophorectomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the symptom complex associated with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Premenstrual syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated total blood loss in a woman's lifetime due to menstruation?

10-20 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cessation of menstruation occurring before the age of 45?

Premature menopause Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the therapy used to manage menopausal symptoms and signs?

Hormone replacement therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary screening method for osteoporosis?

DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptionmetry) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily fluid intake for kidney stone prevention?

3000 ml per day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method for preventing cardiovascular disease?

Lifestyle modification Signup and view all the answers

When is it possible to get pregnant after the last menstrual period?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a method for managing hot flashes?

Avoiding hot environments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a screening method for cancer?

Mammogram Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle consists of two phases: follicular phase (1-14 days) and luteal phase.
The follicular phase involves the maturation of an immature follicle, which increases estradiol levels in the bloodstream.
The rising estradiol levels inhibit the release of FSH, causing the levels of FSH to fall.

Progesterone

Progesterone is produced by the Corpus Luteum, stimulated by LH.
It has various effects, including:
- Thermogenic effect, increasing basal body temperature.
- Relaxing uterine muscles.
- Promoting growth of acini cells in the breasts.
- Causing weight gain due to fluid retention.
- Causing tingling sensation and feeling of fullness in the breasts before menstruation.
- Secretory changes in the endometrium, preparing it for implantation.

Prostaglandin

Prostaglandin is produced by the endometrium.
It has two types: Prostaglandin E (PGE) and Prostaglandin F (PGF).
PGE relaxes smooth muscle, acts as a vasodilator, and promotes the expulsion of the follicular content.
PGF acts as a vasoconstrictor, increasing contractility of arteries and muscle.

Uterus

The uterine endometrium changes due to the influence of ovarian hormones: estrogen and progesterone.
The average age of menarche is 12-13 years, but can occur between 9-17 years old.

Menopause

Menopause refers to the cessation of menses, marking the end of reproductive abilities.
It is also known as Climacteric or change of life.
Premature menopause occurs before the age of 45, often caused by surgical removal of ovaries or uterus, or radiation.

Perimenopause

Perimenopause is the period prior to menopause, characterized by decreased ovarian function and unstable endocrine physiology.
It is marked by a highly variable, unpredictable hormone profile.

Management of Menopause

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is used to manage menopausal symptoms.
Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis involve:
- Biphosphonates.
- Calcium regulators.
- Selective Estrogen Reception Modulators (SERMs), such as Raloxifene (Evista).
- Salmon Calcitonin.
Screening for osteoporosis, CV disease, and cancer involves:
- DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptionmetry).
- Mammogram.
- Pap smear.
- Pelvic exam.
- Digital rectal exam.

Lifestyle Modification

Kidney stone prevention involves liberal fluid intake (3000 ml per day).
Prevention of CV disease and cancer involves lifestyle modifications.
Contraception is possible up to 12 months after the last menses.
Lubricants can be used for dyspareunia.
Hot flashes can be managed by avoiding hot environments and using cooling techniques.

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Description

Learn about the two phases of the ovarian cycle, follicular and luteal, and the roles of estradiol and progesterone in the female reproductive system.