औद्योगिक क्रांति: 1700s-1800s

Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
• It began in Great Britain and spread throughout the world.
• Characterized by a transition from hand production methods to machines.
• New manufacturing processes arose, including the use of steam power, the development of machine tools, and the establishment of factories.
• The textile industry was at the forefront of these technological changes.
• The introduction of the power loom and the cotton gin significantly increased production efficiency.
• Iron production also saw major advancements, with coke replacing charcoal in the smelting process, leading to higher quality and lower costs.
• Steam power, invented by James Watt, played a crucial role by providing a reliable power source that fueled factories, mines, and transportation.
• Coal became essential as the primary fuel for steam engines.
• The transportation sector was revolutionized by the steam engine, leading to the development of steamships and steam locomotives.
• Major innovations included the creation of canals and improved road networks, facilitating the movement of goods and raw materials.
• The consequences included urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work.
• Significant social changes arose, including the growth of a working class, increased wealth for some, and harsh conditions for many laborers.
• Child labor was prevalent during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution.
• There were significant environmental impacts, including pollution from factories and the exploitation of natural resources.
• The Industrial Revolution led to increased global trade and economic interdependence.
• New economic theories, such as capitalism and socialism, emerged.

World War I (1914-1918)

• World War I was a global conflict that originated in Europe.
• It was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo.
• The main Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
• The major Allied Powers were Great Britain, France, Russia (until 1917), Italy (from 1915), and the United States (from 1917).
• Trench warfare on the Western Front led to prolonged stalemates and immense casualties.
• New military technologies were introduced, including machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes.
• Naval warfare included unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany, which contributed to the entry of the United States into the war.
• The Russian Revolution in 1917 led to Russia's withdrawal from the war and the establishment of a communist government.
• Key events of WWI include the Battle of the Marne, the Battle of Verdun, the Battle of the Somme, and the Gallipoli Campaign.
• The war ended with the armistice on November 11, 1918.
• The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, including territorial losses, disarmament, and reparations.
• The war resulted in the collapse of empires, significant territorial changes, and the creation of new nations.
• The League of Nations was established to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars.
• The war had profound social, economic, and political consequences, leading to widespread disillusionment and reshaping the global order.

World War II (1939-1945)

• World War II was a global war that involved the vast majority of the world's countries.
• The main Axis Powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan.
• The major Allied Powers were Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.
• The war began with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939.
• Germany employed blitzkrieg tactics, overwhelming many countries in Europe.
• Key events of WWII include the Battle of Britain, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Battle of Stalingrad.
• The Holocaust was the systematic genocide of Jews and other minority groups by Nazi Germany.
• The United States entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
• The war in the Pacific involved conflict between the United States and Japan.
• Significant battles in the Pacific included the Battle of Midway, the Battle of Guadalcanal, and the Battle of Iwo Jima.
• The D-Day invasion of Normandy in 1944 marked the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe.
• The Soviet Union advanced through Eastern Europe, eventually capturing Berlin.
• The war ended in Europe with Germany's surrender in May 1945.
• The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender.
• The United Nations was established to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.
• The war resulted in an estimated 50 to 85 million fatalities, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.
• The consequences included the reshaping of the global political landscape, the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers, and the beginning of the Cold War.
• The war also spurred technological advancements in areas such as radar, jet propulsion, and nuclear energy.