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Questions and Answers
What was the primary contribution of James Watt's invention to the Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary contribution of James Watt's invention to the Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary focus of the First Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary focus of the First Industrial Revolution?
What was a significant social impact of the Industrial Revolution?
What was a significant social impact of the Industrial Revolution?
What was a characteristic of the factory system introduced by Richard Arkwright?
What was a characteristic of the factory system introduced by Richard Arkwright?
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What was the primary impact of mechanization on various industries?
What was the primary impact of mechanization on various industries?
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What was the significance of the power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright?
What was the significance of the power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright?
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Study Notes
History
- Began in Britain in the late 18th century (1760-1840)
- Spread to other parts of the world, including Europe and North America
- Marked a shift from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing
- Divided into two phases:
- First Industrial Revolution (1760-1800): Focus on textiles and steam power
- Second Industrial Revolution (1800-1840): Focus on iron, steel, and heavy industry
Steam Power
- Invention of the steam engine by James Watt (1769)
- Revolutionized industry by providing a consistent and reliable power source
- Replaced water power and manual labor
- Enabled the development of factories and mass production
Textile Manufacturing
- First industry to be mechanized during the Industrial Revolution
- Inventions:
- Spinning jenny (1764) by James Hargreaves: Enabled simultaneous spinning of multiple spindles of yarn
- Water frame (1769) by Richard Arkwright: Improved spinning efficiency
- Power loom (1813) by Edmund Cartwright: Enabled automated weaving
- Led to the development of cotton mills and factories
Social Impacts
- Urbanization: Mass migration of people from rural areas to cities for work in factories
- Changes in family structure: Women and children began working in factories alongside men
- Growth of a new middle class: Factory owners and managers accumulated wealth
- Negative impacts: Poor working conditions, long hours, and low wages for workers
Factory Systems
- Introduction of the factory system by Richard Arkwright (1790s)
- Characteristics:
- Centralized production
- Division of labor
- Use of machinery
- Supervision and management
- Enabled mass production and increased efficiency
Mechanization
- Invention of machines and tools replaced manual labor in various industries
- Examples:
- Cotton gin (1793) by Eli Whitney: Simplified cotton harvesting
- Power-driven machinery: Enabled mass production in industries like textiles and printing
- Telegraph (1837) by Samuel Morse: Revolutionized communication
- Led to increased productivity and efficiency in various industries
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Description
Learn about the transformation of industry from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing, its two phases, and the impact of steam power on industry.
