Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey

Mehmed II was the Ottoman sultan who ruled from 1451 to 1481, known for significantly improving Istanbul, the new capital. He repaired war damage, built palaces, mosques, and a bazaar, encouraging people to move to the city.

Kemal Atatürk was the first president of Turkey and is known as "The Father of the Turks." He modernized Turkey, separating Islam from the government, closing Islamic schools, and encouraging Western dress and surnames.

The Hagia Sophia, a famous Byzantine church, was transformed into a mosque under the rule of Mehmed II. This signifies the shift in power and influence from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire.

Istanbul serves as Turkey's economic link to Europe, despite its government residing in Ankara. This highlights Turkey's strategic location and its aspiration to join the European Union.

Turkey has a parliamentary republic system of government, led by both a president and a prime minister together. This unique combination indicates a balanced division of powers in the country.

Turkey is a secular state, separating religion from government. Although most Turks are Muslims, the country has a secular system.

Kemal Atatürk initiated significant changes by modernizing Turkey's government and society, including separating religion from government, banning the fez, and encouraging westernization.

The Kurdish people form the largest minority group in Turkey, accounting for about 20% of the population. This shows the diverse ethnic makeup of Turkish society.

Turkey's culture is a blend of traditional and modern influences, with a split between urban and rural lifestyles. This showcases the ongoing cultural evolution in Turkey.

Turkish cuisine is known for its use of olives, vegetables, cheeses, yogurt, bread, and kebabs. These ingredients reflect the diverse culinary traditions of Turkey.