Otitis Media Overview and Classification

The primary bacterial pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

Enlarged adenoids can cause physical obstruction of the eustachian tube and serve as a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria.

Signs in infants include irritability and tugging at the ears.

<p>A patient may experience a blocked ear sensation and rapidly increasing pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tympanic membrane may appear dull, hyperemic, and display visible radial vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As suppuration progresses, the tympanic membrane may rupture, allowing mucopus to drain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Otitis media is the inflammation of the mucosa in the middle-ear cleft, including the eustachian tube, tympanic cavity, and mastoid air cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The condition resolves completely in 90-95% of cases with antibiotic treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute otitis media lasts less than 3 weeks, while chronic otitis media persists for 3 months or longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children may complain of ear pain and exhibit changes in personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The eustachian tube maintains middle ear pressure, prevents reflux from the nasopharynx, and clears secretions from the middle ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent otitis media is defined as having 3 attacks in 6 months or 4 attacks within one year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppurative acute otitis media is characterized by pus formation, while nonsuppurative does not involve pus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased hearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dull gray- or yellow colored tympanic membrane with reduced mobility is observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates otitis media with effusion (OME).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many patients experience spontaneous resolution, especially if hearing impairment is mild.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medical treatments include antibiotics, steroids, decongestants, and antihistamines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help drain fluid and equalize pressure in the middle ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed speech development in younger children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mobility to the negative side on the tympanometry graph (Type C).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diagnosis of AOM is made clinically through patient history, otoscope examination, and pneumatoscope tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The treatment goals include decreasing the duration of fever and pain, expediting the return to normal activity, and limiting potential complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Watchful waiting is recommended for healthy children aged 2 years or older with nonsevere illness and mild symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common antibiotic treatments include Augmentin at 90 mg/kg/day or Ceftin at 30 mg/kg/day, both divided into two doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For penicillin allergic children, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or erythromycin/sulfisoxazole are the initial antibiotic choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjunctive therapies should include analgesics and antipyretics to alleviate pain and fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myringotomy is indicated for patients who fail medical therapy or develop complications from AOM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indications for tympanocentesis include a toxic appearing child, failed antibiotic treatment, suppurative complications, and immunocompromised patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Otitis media with effusion is defined as the persistence of a serous or mucoid middle ear effusion for 3 months or more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10% of children experience otitis media with effusion for over 3 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk factors for otitis media with effusion include recurrent acute otitis media and factors causing overproduction or impaired clearance of mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Otitis media with effusion is the most common cause of hearing loss in children in the developed world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tympanosclerosis refers to the thickening or scarring of the tympanic membrane and can lead to conductive hearing loss if it affects the middle ear and ossicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucociliary transport removes mucus secreted by the middle ear mucosa into the nasopharynx, helping to clear potential infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both viral and bacterial infections can lead to increased production and viscosity of secretions in the middle ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute suppurative otitis media can result in adhesions and eroded structures in the middle ear, potentially leading to long-term complications like hearing loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers