Osteoporosis Screening and Detection Quiz

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Which factor increases the probability of hip fracture by 30% for each standard deviation increase?

Recent MOF

Hip axis length (HAL) (correct)

Type II diabetes mellitus

Falls history

Which condition requires entering 'yes' in the rheumatoid arthritis input to FRAX?

Chronic renal disease

Recent MOF

Type II diabetes mellitus (correct)

Type I diabetes mellitus

Which characteristic has been shown to have little impact on FRAX values, according to the text?

Body composition variation

Socioeconomic status (correct)

Severity of vertebral fractures

Chronic renal disease

What adjustment should be used for type I diabetes until empirical data is available?

Use the same adjustment as for type II diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which factor results in marked uplift to fracture probabilities, as mentioned in the text?

Recent MOF Signup and view all the answers

What should be entered into the rheumatoid arthritis input to FRAX for type II diabetes mellitus?

'Yes' Signup and view all the answers

Which condition contributes to increased probability of major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) and hip fracture by 30% for a history of recurrent falls?

Falls history Signup and view all the answers

What risk factor requires using the FRAX model for country of birth?

Type I diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What are FRAX values largely unaffected by, according to the text?

Body composition variation Signup and view all the answers

What has largely no empirical data from which to recommend an adjustment according to the text?

Severity and/or number of vertebral fractures Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended way to present numeric information to patients?

Using whole numbers and simple frequencies Signup and view all the answers

Why is it mentioned that graphs and pictograms should be used where available?

To simplify the understanding of numeric information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of investigating osteoporosis and fragility fractures?

To exclude diseases that mimic osteoporosis and identify the cause(s) of osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

When should PTH be measured according to the text?

If albumin-adjusted serum calcium is below 2.6mmol/l twice, or if below 2.5mmol/l twice if primary hyperparathyroidism is suspected Signup and view all the answers

What does CTX reflect according to the text?

Bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommended tests for investigating osteoporosis and fragility fractures?

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein Signup and view all the answers

Why is vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) considered in high-risk individuals?

To detect moderate or severe vertebral fractures which are strong risk factors for subsequent fracture Signup and view all the answers

What does opportunistically diagnosing osteoporosis and vertebral fractures involve according to the text?

Identifying fractures from CT using Computer Aided Diagnostics acquired for various clinical reasons Signup and view all the answers

What does Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) using lateral spine DXA imaging deliver according to the text?

Lower radiation dose while performing comparably to traditional radiographs Signup and view all the answers

What can Computer Aided Diagnostics (CAD) using CT scans do according to the text?

Augment and improve standard reporting methods for vertebral fracture identification Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX)?

To predict the risk of hip or other major fractures over the next 10 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the evidence level for the effectiveness of the screening program using FRAX to reduce hip fractures?

Evidence level Ia Signup and view all the answers

In addition to bone mineral density (BMD), what other factors can improve fracture risk prediction?

Femoral neck BMD and height loss Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is appropriate for identifying patients with osteoporosis in the absence of a screening policy?

Case-finding strategy Signup and view all the answers

What was the observed reduction in hip fractures due to the screening program using FRAX compared to standard clinical care?

28% Signup and view all the answers

Apart from BMD, what should trigger fracture risk assessment according to Table 4?

Thoracic kyphosis and height loss Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals was targeted for osteoporosis drug treatment using FRAX in the UK trial?

Postmenopausal women with high hip fracture risk Signup and view all the answers

What condition can trigger fracture risk assessment, but is not accommodated in FRAX and should be assessed separately?

(Excess) thyroid hormone treatment Signup and view all the answers

What type of fractures are considered major along with hip fractures?

Spine, forearm, and shoulder fractures Signup and view all the answers

Who can be assessed using the FRAX tool?

Postmenopausal women or men above age 50 with low bone density Signup and view all the answers

What information is required for the FRAX score calculator?

Habits such as alcohol intake and disorders linked to osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What does a T-score in a bone density test indicate?

Comparison of bone density to a healthy adult Signup and view all the answers

When may a doctor recommend treatment based on FRAX scores?

If the FRAX score is 3% or more for hip fracture Signup and view all the answers

What do critics say about the accuracy of the FRAX tool?

It underestimates the fracture risk in people who are at increased risk for falling Signup and view all the answers

What type of test is used to measure bone strength in the hip and spine?

Bone density test Signup and view all the answers

In which group of individuals can the FRAX tool be used?