Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of osteoporosis in women after menopause?
What is the primary cause of osteoporosis in women after menopause?
- Vitamin K deficiency
- Estrogen deficiency (correct)
- Calcium overload
- Estrogen surplus
Osteoporosis causes symptoms such as back pain before a fracture occurs.
Osteoporosis causes symptoms such as back pain before a fracture occurs.
False (B)
Which age group is most commonly affected by osteoporosis?
Which age group is most commonly affected by osteoporosis?
Individuals over 50 years old
The investigation considered as the investigation of choice for osteoporosis is the ________ scan.
The investigation considered as the investigation of choice for osteoporosis is the ________ scan.
Match the following types of fractures with their descriptions:
Match the following types of fractures with their descriptions:
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Name one endocrine disease that can increase the risk of osteoporosis.
Name one endocrine disease that can increase the risk of osteoporosis.
Most people who suffer a fragility fracture have osteoporosis.
Most people who suffer a fragility fracture have osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in ________ density.
Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in ________ density.
Which of the following is considered a first-line pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis?
Which of the following is considered a first-line pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis?
Flashcards
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
A bone disease characterized by decreased bone density, making bones more fragile and prone to fractures.
Fragility Fracture
Fragility Fracture
A fracture caused by minor trauma, often a simple fall, in a person with weakened bones.
Osteopenia
Osteopenia
A condition where bone density is lower than normal, but not as severe as osteoporosis. It increases the risk of developing osteoporosis.
Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Scan
Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Scan
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Estrogen
Estrogen
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Bisphosphonates
Bisphosphonates
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Smoking
Smoking
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Calcium
Calcium
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Exercise
Exercise
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Cushing Syndrome
Cushing Syndrome
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Study Notes
Osteoporosis Overview
- Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease, marked by reduced bone density.
- It's prevalent in post-menopausal women due to estrogen deficiency.
- Risk factors increase beyond age 50.
- Increased risk of bone fracture from minor trauma. Common fracture sites include: forearm (Colles' fracture), spine (vertebral fractures), humerus, and hip.
Risk Factors
- Genetic predisposition
- Endocrine diseases: Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypogonadism
- Inflammatory diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ankylosing spondylitis
- Medications: Steroids, anticonvulsants, heparin, levothyroxine
- Gastrointestinal issues: malabsorption, chronic liver disease
- Lung diseases: COPD, cystic fibrosis
- Other factors: Heavy smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, highly trained athletics, low body mass index (BMI), anorexia nervosa, HIV, myeloma
Clinical Presentation
- Osteoporosis doesn't cause symptoms until a fracture occurs.
- Non-vertebral fractures are usually traumatic, often caused by a simple fall. These are called fragility fractures.
- Hip fracture: patient unable to bear weight, limb shortened and externally rotated on affected side.
- Vertebral fractures: variable presentations, ranging from acute severe back pain (potentially mistaken for a heart attack) to height loss and kyphosis, with or without pain.
Diagnosis
- Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan:
- The primary diagnostic tool.
- Recommended for: patients aged over 50 who have had a fragility fracture; patients under 50 with significant risk factors (early menopause, high-dose glucocorticoids).
- Blood tests: CBC, liver function tests, renal function tests, thyroid function tests, vitamin D levels, testosterone/gonadotropin levels, estrogen/gonadotropin levels.
Treatment
- Non-pharmacological: Stop smoking; stop alcohol; increase dietary calcium; induce exercise.
- Pharmacological:
- Bisphosphonates (oral): First-line treatment for 5 years, then reassessed with a DXA scan; reduce fracture risk but don't eliminate it entirely.
- Denosumab: Inhibits bone resorption; subcutaneous injection every 6 months.
- Teriparatide, Abaloparatide: Human parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogues; stimulate new bone formation; effective for osteoporosis treatment.
- Combined oral calcium & vitamin D: Often included in treatment plans.
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