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What is the primary function of the clavicle?
The clavicle has a medullary cavity.
False
What are the two ends of the clavicle called?
medial (sternal) end and lateral (acromial) end
The clavicle articulates with the sternum and the ________.
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Where is the weakest part of the clavicle located?
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Fractures of the clavicle can occur during childbirth.
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How many ribs does the scapula overlie?
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The posterior surface of the scapula is divided by the spine into the supraspinous fossa and ________ fossa.
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Match the following features to the respective bone:
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What is the correct anatomical position of the body?
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In the anatomical position, the terms left and right refer to the observer's left and right.
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Where would Bruce experience pain if he has gallbladder problems?
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The __ peritoneum surrounds organs and the __ peritoneum lines the __.
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Which body cavity will be opened if a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm?
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A transverse section divides the body into left and right parts.
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What region of the abdomen is associated with gallbladder pain?
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The __ cavity contains the heart.
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Which of the following bones is located in the proximal row of the carpal bones?
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Which part of the metacarpal is articulating with the proximal phalanx?
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The carpal bones articulate distally with the metacarpals.
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Match the following body cavities with their descriptions:
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Each metacarpal has a base, shaft, and head.
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The abdominal cavity is considered a part of the dorsal cavity.
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What shape is the Scaphoid bone?
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The carpal tunnel is formed by the concavity of the carpus and the __________.
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How many phalanges are present in one hand?
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The first metacarpal's head is ______ than the other metacarpals.
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Match the following carpal bones with their descriptions:
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Match the following types of fractures with their descriptions:
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Which of the following bones is the largest of the carpal bones?
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The Trapezium bone is a wedge-shaped bone.
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What is the main characteristic of the shaft of phalanges?
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How many metacarpal bones are present in the human hand?
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Which part of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?
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The distal row of carpal bones includes Trapezium, Trapezoid, __________, and Hamate.
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The ulna has a cylindrical shaft that becomes broader inferiorly.
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Which carpal bone has a prominent hook on its palmar surface?
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What fractures are commonly associated with the distal radius?
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The rounded head of the ulna is connected to the shaft by the ______.
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What type of joint is formed by the radial notch of the ulna?
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The coronoid process of the ulna enters the coronoid fossa of the humerus during full extension.
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Name the three surfaces of the ulna's shaft.
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The ulna primarily allows ______ and ______ movements at the elbow joint.
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Match the following components of the hand with their respective descriptions:
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What is the primary articulation between the radius and ulna?
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Study Notes
Osteology of the Upper Limb
- The clavicle is a long bone, but it has no medullary (bone marrow) cavity.
- The clavicle functions to suspend the scapula and free upper limb, transmit forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton, and provides attachment for muscles.
- The medial (sternal) end of the clavicle is enlarged and triangular, while the lateral (acromial) end is flattened and elongated.
- The medial 2/3 of the clavicle shaft is convex forward, and the lateral 1/3 is concave forward.
Osteology - Scapula
- The scapula is a large triangular flat bone located between the 2nd and 7th ribs
- The scapula's functions are to provide attachment for muscles and have considerable movement on the thoracic wall to enable free arm movement.
- The scapula has two surfaces:
- Costal (concave anterior): forms the large subscapular fossa
- Posterior: divided by the spine of the scapula into
- Smaller Supraspinous fossa (above the spine)
- Larger Infraspinous fossa (below the spine)
Fractures of the Clavicle
- Fractures of the clavicle are common, particularly in slender children.
- The weakest point of the clavicle is the junction between the middle and lateral one-thirds, making it the most likely site for fractures.
- Clavicle fractures can also happen during childbirth, especially in babies with broad shoulders, but these heal quickly.
The Bones of the Forearm - ULNA
- The ulna has two notches - the trochlear notch and the radial notch.
- The trochlear notch articulates with the trochlea of the humerus, forming the elbow joint.
- The radial notch is a smooth, rounded concavity lateral to the coronoid process, articulating with the head of the radius to form the proximal radio-ulna joint.
- The distal end of the ulna has a small rounded head connected to the shaft by the neck.
- The ulna styloid process projects from the medial side of the head.
Articulation of the Ulna
- The ulna articulates with the humerus at the trochlea of the humerus, forming the elbow joint.
- The ulna articulates with the radius at the proximal and distal radio-ulna joints.
- The ulna articulates with the carpal bones, forming part of the wrist joint.
Fractures of the Ulna and Radius - Colle's Fracture
- Colle's fracture is a transverse fracture within the distal 2cm of the radius and is the most common fracture of the forearm.
- The radial styloid process is longer than the ulnar styloid process.
- In Colle's fracture, the ulnar styloid process is longer than the radial styloid process due to shortening of the radius.
The Bones of the Hand
- The hand is comprised of these bones:
- Carpals: wrist
- Metacarpals: palm
- Phalanges: fingers
The Bones of the Hand: Carpal Bones
- There are eight carpal bones arranged into two rows of four bones each.
- The proximal row contains (from lateral to medial side):
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetral
- Pisiform
- The distal row contains (in the same order):
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
- The palmar aspect of the carpus is concave, forming the carpal sulcus, which becomes a canal (carpal tunnel) by the flexor retinaculum.
- The dorsal surface is convex.
- The carpal bones articulate proximally with the radius forming the wrist joint (radiocarpal joint).
- The carpal bones articulate distally with the metacarpals.
The Bones of the Hand: Metacarpals
- There are five metacarpal bones, each corresponding to a digit.
- Each metacarpal has:
- Base (proximally)
- Shaft (body)
- Rounded head (distally)
- The base of the metacarpals articulate with the carpals bones forming the carpometacarpal joint.
- The head of the metacarpal articulates with the concavity on the base of the proximal phalanx forming the metacarpophalangeal joints
The Bones of the Hand: Phalanges
- There are fourteen phalanges, three for each finger (2nd to 5th digits) and two for the thumb (1st digit).
- The phalanges of the thumb are shorter and broader than the fingers.
- Each phalanx has:
- Base: large proximal end
- Shaft: (body)
- Head: smaller distal end (head)
- The base of the phalanges articulates with the rounded head of the metacarpal, forming the metacarpophalangeal joints.
- The head of the phalanges articulates with the base of the next phalanx.
Fractures of the Hand
- Fractures of the 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones are known as Boxer's fractures.
- Metacarpal fractures heal rapidly due to a good blood supply.
- Crushing injury to the hand can result in multiple metacarpal fractures leading to hand instability.
- Crushing injuries to the phalanges are extremely painful as the nerves have developed sensation.
- Fracture of the distal phalanx is usually commuted and painful with hematoma developing.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the osteology of the upper limb, focusing on the clavicle and scapula. This quiz covers the structure, function, and anatomical details of these critical bones, helping you understand their role in upper limb mobility and muscle attachment.
