Osteology Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What does the axial skeleton include?

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and coccyx (correct)

Femur, tibia, metatarsals

All bones of the body except the skull

Patella

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Carpals and tarsals

Compact and spongy bone

All bones of the body except the skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and coccyx (correct)

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and coccyx

Which of the following are examples of long bones?

Femur (correct)

Carpals

Metatarsals (correct)

Tarsals

What are examples of short bones?

Carpals, tarsals Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are classified as flat bones?

Ribs and sternum Signup and view all the answers

What are irregular bones?

Bones such as vertebrae and os coxae Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a sesamoid bone?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

What is articular cartilage?

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis, helps to reduce friction. Signup and view all the answers

What defines compact bone?

The solid outer layer of bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the diaphysis?

Shaft of a long bone. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the endosteum located?

Internal surface of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiphyseal line?

Region where the epiphysis and the diaphysis fuse after the epiphyseal plate is no longer needed. Signup and view all the answers

Define the epiphysis.

Expanded knobby region located at each end of a long bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the medullary cavity?

Hollow space within the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What does the periosteum cover?

The outer surface of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a nutrient foramen?

Hole through which the nutrient artery goes through. Signup and view all the answers

Define spongy bone.

A porous type of connective tissue that contains red bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What is red marrow responsible for?

Type of connective tissue; location of blood cell production. Signup and view all the answers

Define yellow marrow.

Fatty tissue present within the medullary cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a process in bone anatomy?

A roughened bony prominence; typically serves as the site of attachment for muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a trochanter?

A relatively large, blunt process found only on the femur. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a tuberosity?

A large, blunt or rounded process or roughened surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is a tubercle?

A small, blunt or rounded process. Signup and view all the answers

Define a spine in bone anatomy.

A pointed projection of bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crest?

A prominent border that may be rough. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fossa?

A shallow depression. Signup and view all the answers

Define a foramen.

A hole in a bone; size is variable. Signup and view all the answers

What is a head in bone anatomy?

A rounded articular surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is a condyle?

A smooth structure, either concave or convex, joined directly to the shaft of a long bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a facet?

A smooth surface for articulation. Signup and view all the answers

Define a fovea.

Deep cylindrical depression. Signup and view all the answers

What is a meatus?

Canal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sulcus?

Groove or depression. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and coccyx, forming the central axis of the body.
Appendicular skeleton consists of all bones except those found in the axial skeleton, primarily the limbs and their girdles.

Types of Bones

Long bones: Examples include femur, tibia, and metatarsals; typically longer than they are wide and function as levers.
Short bones: Include carpals and tarsals; roughly cube-shaped and provide stability and support.
Flat bones: Comprise the ribs, some skull bones, and the sternum; serve as protective structures.
Irregular bones: Examples include vertebrae and os coxae; have complex shapes that fulfill various functions.
Sesamoid bones: The patella is the primary example; small bones embedded in tendons that help with joint movement.

Bone Structure and Components

Articular cartilage: A thin layer of hyaline cartilage on each epiphysis, reducing friction at joints.
Compact bone: The dense outer layer of bone that provides strength and support.
Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone, crucial for structural integrity.
Endosteum: A membrane lining the internal surface of the bone, involved in bone growth and repair.
Epiphyseal line: A remnant of the growth plate where the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse post-growth.
Epiphysis: The expanded, knobby ends of long bones containing spongy bone and marrow.
Medullary cavity: The hollow center of the diaphysis, filled with yellow marrow (fatty tissue).
Periosteum: A dense layer covering the outer surface of bones, containing blood vessels and nerves.
Nutrient foramen: An opening for the nutrient artery, vital for bone health.

Bone Tissue Types

Spongy bone: A porous type of connective tissue found in the interior of bones; contains red marrow for blood cell production.
Red marrow: A connective tissue involved in producing blood cells; found in spongy bone.
Yellow marrow: Fatty tissue located in the medullary cavity, primarily serving as energy storage.

Bone Projections and Depressions

Process: Roughened bony prominences serving as attachment sites for muscles or connective tissue.
Trochanter: A large, blunt process exclusive to the femur; key for muscle attachment.
Tuberosity: A large, rounded process or a roughened surface providing anchorage for muscles.
Tubercle: A small, rounded prominence on bones.
Spine: A pointed bony projection, important for muscle attachment.
Crest: A prominent border or ridge on a bone, may be rough for muscle attachment.
Fossa: A shallow depression that can accommodate other structures or reduce friction.
Foramen: A variable-sized hole through a bone, allowing passage for nerves and blood vessels.

Joint Surfaces and Features

Head: A rounded articular surface that forms joints with other bones.
Condyle: A smooth, rounded surface that articulates with another bone, typically at joints.
Facet: A flat surface designed for articulation between bones, found in many joints.
Fovea: A deep cylindrical depression that may serve as a site for ligament attachment.
Meatus: A canal-like structure, often leading to other parts of the body.
Sulcus: A groove or depression on the surface of bones, often for nerves or blood vessels.

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Description

Test your knowledge of osteology with flashcards that cover key terms related to the anatomy of bones. This quiz includes definitions for both the axial and appendicular skeletons, as well as classifications of long and short bones. Perfect for students and enthusiasts looking to enhance their understanding of human anatomy.