Osteoarthritis Overview and Treatment

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of osteoarthritis as described?

Nutritional deficiencies in joint tissue

Infectious agents affecting joint tissue

Cumulative effects of wear and tear on joints (correct)

Autoimmune responses targeting cartilage

Which treatment method promotes the movement of nutrients in and waste out of the joints?

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Surgical intervention

Regular exercise and physical therapy (correct)

Rest and immobilization

How does the articular cartilage change in osteoarthritis?

It develops rough, bristly collagen fibers (correct)

It remains unchanged throughout life

It increases in thickness and elasticity

It becomes thinner and more flexible

What is typically a restriction placed on patients after joint replacement surgery?

High-impact activities are restricted Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of women over the age of 60 reportedly suffers from osteoarthritis in the US?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint movement decreases the angle between the bones at a joint?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary movement when a body part is lifted upward?

Elevation Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperextension refer to in joint movements?

Extending beyond the anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint disease is characterized by damage to the articular cartilage?

Arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves rotating a limb away from the body's midline?

Lateral rotation Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint disorder occurs when disc cartilage breaks through its fibrous exterior?

Herniated disc Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements involves the thumb moving towards the palm?

Opposition Signup and view all the answers

In which movement do the vertebral column bend to the side?

Lateral flexion Signup and view all the answers

What movement describes the sole of the foot turning inward?

Inversion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding joint strength and mobility is true?

Axial joints are stronger and allow less movement. Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is classified as having no movement allowed?

Synarthrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a synovial joint secretes synovial fluid?

Synovial membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about diarthroses is true?

They are freely movable joints. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the meniscus in a synovial joint?

To reduce friction and channel fluid flow. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of dislocation in joints?

Articulating surfaces forced out of position. Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory structure acts as a small pocket to reduce friction in joints?

Bursa Signup and view all the answers

Which structural classification allows some movement due to connections made with collagen fibers or cartilage?

Cartilaginous Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the range of motion and strength in joints?

Greater range of motion equals lesser strength. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ligaments pass outside the joint capsule?

Extracapsular ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint has components that include an articular cartilage with no perichondrium?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of abduction in the appendicular skeleton?

Movement away from the longitudinal axis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements describes the action of moving the shoulder backwards in a horizontal plane?

Retraction Signup and view all the answers

What movement occurs when the foot is raised upwards towards the shin?

Dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rotation moves the anterior surface of a limb towards the long axis of the trunk?

Medial rotation Signup and view all the answers

What does the term hyperextension specifically refer to?

Extending beyond the anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an intervertebral disc provides elasticity and shock absorption?

Nucleus pulposus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of inversion movement on the foot?

Turning the sole inward Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT typically associated with the onset of osteoarthritis?

Autoimmune responses leading to joint inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What does a herniated disc result from?

Protrusion of disc cartilage into the vertebral canal Signup and view all the answers

In the context of joint disorders, what condition is referred to as rheumatism?

Generalized pain and inflammation in bones and/or muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about treatment for osteoarthritis is false?

Anti-inflammatory drugs can lead to further joint degeneration. Signup and view all the answers

How long can new joint replacements, such as hips and knees, typically last?

More than 15 years Signup and view all the answers

In the context of joint disruption, what is the role of articular cartilage?

To reduce friction between bone surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of artificial joints is considered a limitation after surgery?

Restriction of high-impact activities Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of joints allows for freely movable joints but is also considered the weakest?

Diarthrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the synovial membrane in a joint?

Secretes synovial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint movement is characterized by a decrease in the angle between two body parts?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory structure acts by reducing friction and absorbing excess shock in a joint?

Bursa Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of collagen fibers between bones impact the movement allowed by a joint?

Permits limited movement Signup and view all the answers

In terms of joint classification, what are all diarthroses categorized as?

Synovial Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes synarthroses in terms of joint function?

Exhibits no movement Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between joint mobility and strength?

Greater mobility indicates lesser stability Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ligament runs outside the joint capsule?

Extrinsic ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Joint Classification

Joints are locations where two or more bones meet
Joints allow mobility while preserving bone strength
Movement amount depends on anatomical structure
Functional classification focuses on the range of motion (ROM) allowed
Structural classification determines anatomical arrangement

Functional Classification

Synarthrosis: No movement allowed, very strong
Amphiarthrosis: Little movement allowed
Diarthrosis: Freely movable, weakest type

Structural Classification

Fibrous: Bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue (sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses)
Cartilaginous: Bones connected by cartilage (synchondroses, symphyses)
Bony: Bones fused together (synostoses)
Synovial: Bones separated by a joint cavity; surrounded by a joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid (diarthroses)

Synovial Joint Anatomy

Articular cartilage: Covers bone ends, smooth surface, hyaline cartilage lacking perichondrium, matrix with more water than other cartilages
Joint capsule: Sac enclosing articular ends of bones, continuous with periosteum; adds strength and mobility to joint, reinforced by ligaments and tendons
Synovial membrane: Lines joint capsule interior, secretes synovial fluid; lubricates, cushions, prevents abrasion, supports chondrocytes. Synovial fluid is typically less than 3 ml
Joint cavity: Space within joint capsule containing synovial fluid
Ligaments: Connect bones to bones.
Tendons: Connect muscle to bone

Accessory Structures Supporting the Knee

Tendons: Provide support, not part of joint itself, limit ROM, mechanical support (quadriceps tendon)
Ligaments: Extracapsular (outside capsule) like patellar ligament, intracapsular (inside capsule) like cruciate ligaments
Bursa: Small, fluid-filled sac found in connective tissue outside joint capsule; reduces friction and shock
Fat pads: Located superficially to joint capsule; protect articular cartilage; fill spaces as the joint moves and joint cavity changes shape
Meniscus (articular disc): Pad of fibrocartilage positioned between opposing bones, may divide synovial cavity, can channel synovial fluid flow

Synovial Joint Physiology

Mobility: Greater range of motion = lower strength, diarthroses are the most mobile, synarthroses are the strongest.
Dislocation (luxation): Movement beyond the normal range of motion; damage to joint structures; results in pain because of nerves monitoring capsule and surrounding tissue, no pain receptors in the joint.

Body Movements

Flexion and extension: Bending or straightening a joint, changing the angle of the joint
Hyperextension: Extending a joint past its anatomical position (straightening a joint too far)
Lateral flexion: Bending the vertebral column to the side
Movements of the foot: Dorsal flexion (toes up), plantar flexion (toes down)
Abduction and Adduction: Moving a limb away from or toward the midline of the body in a frontal plane
Circumduction: Circular movement of a limb (combinations of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction)
Rotation: Turning a bone around its axis or turning a limb around its long axis
Forearm Rotation: Pronation (palm facing down), supination (palm facing up)
Special movements: Opposition (thumb to fingertips), reposition (thumb back to normal position), inversion (sole inward), eversion (sole outward), protraction (anterior movement), retraction (posterior movement), depression (inferior movement), elevation (superior movement)

Joints of the Body

Axial joints: Stronger, less movement (sutures of skull, temporomandibular joint, intervertebral joints, etc.)
Appendicular joints: Weaker, more movement (shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint, knee joint, etc.)

The Vertebral Column

Intervertebral disc components: Anulus fibrosus (tough outer ring, fibrocartilage), nucleus pulposus (soft, elastic, gelatinous core, gives resilience, absorbs shock)

Vertebral Abnormalities

Bulging disc: Weakened posterior longitudinal ligaments allow compression and distortion of the fibrous exterior; cartilage bulges
Herniated disc: Disc cartilage breaks through the fibrous exterior and protrudes into the spinal canal, compresses spinal nerves

When Joints Go Bad

Arthritis: Rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis)
Osteoarthritis: Most common type, generally affecting older people (wear and tear), genetic factors affect collagen formation. Rough, bristly collagen fibers increasing friction
Treatment: Regular exercise and physical therapy, minimizing friction; anti-inflammatory medications
Artificial joints: Method of last resort to treat arthritis if other methods fail.

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Description

Test your knowledge on osteoarthritis, including its primary causes, treatment methods, and changes in articular cartilage. Additionally, explore common restrictions for patients post-joint replacement and statistics on prevalence among older women in the US.