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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of osteoarthritis?
What is the primary characteristic of osteoarthritis?
How many Canadians are estimated to live with diagnosed osteoarthritis?
How many Canadians are estimated to live with diagnosed osteoarthritis?
Which of the following is considered a risk factor for osteoarthritis?
Which of the following is considered a risk factor for osteoarthritis?
What effect can certain medications have on joint cartilage in osteoarthritis?
What effect can certain medications have on joint cartilage in osteoarthritis?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes spina bifida?
Which of the following statements correctly describes spina bifida?
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What role does inflammation play in the context of osteoarthritis?
What role does inflammation play in the context of osteoarthritis?
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Which factor is NOT typically associated with mechanical stress contributing to osteoarthritis?
Which factor is NOT typically associated with mechanical stress contributing to osteoarthritis?
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What is the predicted trend regarding the prevalence of osteoarthritis in Canada?
What is the predicted trend regarding the prevalence of osteoarthritis in Canada?
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What is a risk factor for developing osteoarthritis (OA) as mentioned in the etiology?
What is a risk factor for developing osteoarthritis (OA) as mentioned in the etiology?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the production and maintenance of healthy cartilage?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the production and maintenance of healthy cartilage?
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What happens to the cartilage surface in osteoarthritis as it progresses?
What happens to the cartilage surface in osteoarthritis as it progresses?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential contributor to cartilage deterioration in osteoarthritis?
Which of the following is NOT a potential contributor to cartilage deterioration in osteoarthritis?
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How does aging affect the incidence of osteoarthritis in women?
How does aging affect the incidence of osteoarthritis in women?
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What is the effect of cartilage deterioration on joint space as seen on x-rays?
What is the effect of cartilage deterioration on joint space as seen on x-rays?
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What type of material do chondrocytes produce to maintain cartilage health?
What type of material do chondrocytes produce to maintain cartilage health?
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What are bony outgrowths at the joint margins in osteoarthritis called?
What are bony outgrowths at the joint margins in osteoarthritis called?
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What distinguishes meningocele from myelomeningocele?
What distinguishes meningocele from myelomeningocele?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of myelomeningocele?
Which of the following is a common symptom of myelomeningocele?
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What is a potential cause of spina bifida?
What is a potential cause of spina bifida?
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Which congenital condition is characterized by a visible spinal defect and varying degrees of paralysis?
Which congenital condition is characterized by a visible spinal defect and varying degrees of paralysis?
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Symptoms associated with occulta type of spina bifida may include:
Symptoms associated with occulta type of spina bifida may include:
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What is one of the most conclusive diagnostic methods for myelomeningocele?
What is one of the most conclusive diagnostic methods for myelomeningocele?
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What could be one of the significant risks associated with myelomeningocele?
What could be one of the significant risks associated with myelomeningocele?
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What percentage of children with Spina Bifida have an allergy to latex?
What percentage of children with Spina Bifida have an allergy to latex?
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Which type of spina bifida is characterized by no observable signs and symptoms at birth?
Which type of spina bifida is characterized by no observable signs and symptoms at birth?
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Which of the following statements about spina bifida is correct?
Which of the following statements about spina bifida is correct?
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Which of the following is NOT a common nursing intervention for a patient with Spina Bifida?
Which of the following is NOT a common nursing intervention for a patient with Spina Bifida?
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Which orthopedic abnormality is associated with spina bifida?
Which orthopedic abnormality is associated with spina bifida?
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What can cause altered bladder and bowel function in Spina Bifida patients?
What can cause altered bladder and bowel function in Spina Bifida patients?
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What is a notable physical characteristic that may appear in the sacral area of newborns with Spina Bifida?
What is a notable physical characteristic that may appear in the sacral area of newborns with Spina Bifida?
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Which complication is associated with both Spina Bifida and spinal cord involvement?
Which complication is associated with both Spina Bifida and spinal cord involvement?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Spina Bifida?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Spina Bifida?
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What is considered the single most important risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease?
What is considered the single most important risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a classic clinical manifestation of Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a classic clinical manifestation of Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following complications is associated with advanced Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following complications is associated with advanced Parkinson's disease?
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What therapeutic agent is primarily used for dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease?
What therapeutic agent is primarily used for dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease?
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What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of spina bifida occulta?
What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of spina bifida occulta?
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What is a potential sign of toxicity associated with levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease?
What is a potential sign of toxicity associated with levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease?
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Which parameter is NOT typically monitored in patients with Parkinson's disease after diagnosis?
Which parameter is NOT typically monitored in patients with Parkinson's disease after diagnosis?
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What is a common gait characteristic in Parkinson's disease known as propulsive gait?
What is a common gait characteristic in Parkinson's disease known as propulsive gait?
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What main surgical procedure may be employed as a treatment option for Parkinson's disease?
What main surgical procedure may be employed as a treatment option for Parkinson's disease?
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Which factor can help prevent spina bifida during pregnancy?
Which factor can help prevent spina bifida during pregnancy?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of osteoarthritis as it progresses?
Which of the following best describes the nature of osteoarthritis as it progresses?
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What is the primary method for diagnosing osteoarthritis?
What is the primary method for diagnosing osteoarthritis?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects a common characteristic of osteoarthritis?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects a common characteristic of osteoarthritis?
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What is a significant factor contributing to the development and exacerbation of osteoarthritis?
What is a significant factor contributing to the development and exacerbation of osteoarthritis?
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Which of the following neurological features is characteristic of Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following neurological features is characteristic of Parkinson's disease?
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Which protein aggregation is commonly associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease?
Which protein aggregation is commonly associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease?
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What characterizes the progression of symptoms in Parkinson's disease, particularly in older patients?
What characterizes the progression of symptoms in Parkinson's disease, particularly in older patients?
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Which pharmacological treatment is primarily used in addressing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Which pharmacological treatment is primarily used in addressing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
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What underlying factor can contribute to joint instability in osteoarthritis?
What underlying factor can contribute to joint instability in osteoarthritis?
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Which factor can stimulate collagen-digesting enzymes, adversely affecting joint cartilage?
Which factor can stimulate collagen-digesting enzymes, adversely affecting joint cartilage?
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In the context of osteoarthritis, which statement is accurate about its incidence and impact?
In the context of osteoarthritis, which statement is accurate about its incidence and impact?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between chronic hemarthrosis and cartilage deterioration in osteoarthritis?
Which statement best describes the relationship between chronic hemarthrosis and cartilage deterioration in osteoarthritis?
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Among the conditions listed, which is classified as a type of inflammatory arthritis?
Among the conditions listed, which is classified as a type of inflammatory arthritis?
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In the context of managing osteoarthritis, what is a significant challenge faced by the aging Canadian population?
In the context of managing osteoarthritis, what is a significant challenge faced by the aging Canadian population?
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Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to the mechanical stress associated with osteoarthritis?
Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to the mechanical stress associated with osteoarthritis?
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What kind of arthritis is categorized as 'overuse arthritis'?
What kind of arthritis is categorized as 'overuse arthritis'?
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What distinguishes the myelomeningocele type of spina bifida from the meningocele type?
What distinguishes the myelomeningocele type of spina bifida from the meningocele type?
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Which symptom is typically associated with meningocele but not with myelomeningocele?
Which symptom is typically associated with meningocele but not with myelomeningocele?
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What type of spina bifida is characterized by no significant signs and symptoms in most cases?
What type of spina bifida is characterized by no significant signs and symptoms in most cases?
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What is a potential complication arising from myelomeningocele due to spinal cord exposure?
What is a potential complication arising from myelomeningocele due to spinal cord exposure?
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Which factor is suggested as a potential cause for spina bifida during pregnancy?
Which factor is suggested as a potential cause for spina bifida during pregnancy?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of spina bifida occulta?
What is a common clinical manifestation of spina bifida occulta?
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In which form of spina bifida might a newborn have visible signs on their skin?
In which form of spina bifida might a newborn have visible signs on their skin?
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What is the relationship between myelomeningocele and the risk of significant spinal cord damage?
What is the relationship between myelomeningocele and the risk of significant spinal cord damage?
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Which factor is least associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease?
Which factor is least associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease?
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Which symptom is considered the most characteristic early sign of Parkinson's disease?
Which symptom is considered the most characteristic early sign of Parkinson's disease?
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What is a common consequence of advanced Parkinson's disease that directly impacts nutrition?
What is a common consequence of advanced Parkinson's disease that directly impacts nutrition?
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What specific finding is often assessed during the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease?
What specific finding is often assessed during the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease?
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What is a primary mechanism by which levodopa works to treat Parkinson's disease?
What is a primary mechanism by which levodopa works to treat Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following complications is NOT commonly associated with the progression of Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following complications is NOT commonly associated with the progression of Parkinson's disease?
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In managing Parkinson's disease, which drug is specifically known to block the breakdown of levodopa?
In managing Parkinson's disease, which drug is specifically known to block the breakdown of levodopa?
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What is typically the first type of spina bifida characterized by minimal symptoms?
What is typically the first type of spina bifida characterized by minimal symptoms?
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Which of the following is a proposed preventive measure for spina bifida?
Which of the following is a proposed preventive measure for spina bifida?
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What specific abnormality in posture is commonly observed in advanced Parkinson's disease?
What specific abnormality in posture is commonly observed in advanced Parkinson's disease?
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What type of condition is myelomeningocele primarily diagnosed through?
What type of condition is myelomeningocele primarily diagnosed through?
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Which of the following is an immediate postnatal intervention for spina bifida?
Which of the following is an immediate postnatal intervention for spina bifida?
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Which nursing intervention is crucial for preventing complications in spina bifida patients?
Which nursing intervention is crucial for preventing complications in spina bifida patients?
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What is one of the risks associated with prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele?
What is one of the risks associated with prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele?
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What physical abnormality is commonly associated with spinal cord involvement in spina bifida?
What physical abnormality is commonly associated with spinal cord involvement in spina bifida?
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What are the consequences of hydrocephalus in patients with spina bifida?
What are the consequences of hydrocephalus in patients with spina bifida?
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Which symptom is indicative of potential complications in spina bifida patients?
Which symptom is indicative of potential complications in spina bifida patients?
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Which of the following is crucial for managing bladder function in spina bifida individuals?
Which of the following is crucial for managing bladder function in spina bifida individuals?
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Study Notes
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Most prevalent chronic joint condition; often referred to as "overuse arthritis."
- Significant contributor to global disability; approximately 5 million Canadians are diagnosed.
- Prevalence expected to rise due to an aging population.
- Risk factors include obesity, decreased estrogen post-menopause, ACL injuries, genetics, certain occupations, and regular moderate exercise.
OA Etiology
- Medications: Some can stimulate collagen-digesting enzymes, harming cartilage.
- Joint instability & trauma: Results from uneven stress and dislocations or fractures, respectively, leading to cartilage deterioration.
- Neurological disorders: May result in abnormal movements causing cartilage damage.
- Mechanical stress: Repetitive physical activities contribute to joint wear.
OA Pathophysiology
- Characterized by gradual loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs (osteophytes).
- Roughening of cartilage disrupts smooth joint movement; enzymatic damage accelerates cartilage disintegration.
- Collapsed joint space observable via x-ray; secondary inflammation may occur.
- Articular cartilage transitions from smooth and glistening to dull and granular, losing elasticity.
Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
- Primarily affects older adults; risk factors include male sex, genetics, head trauma, and certain occupations.
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Clinical manifestations include:
- Resting tremors that cease with movement or sleep.
- Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement.
- Muscle rigidity and postural instability.
- Difficulty with complex movement tasks, such as standing or initiating motion.
PD Complications
- Disease progression may lead to severe dementia, akinesia, and depression.
- Dysphagia increases risk of aspiration pneumonia and UTIs, alongside skin breakdown due to weakness.
PD Diagnosis & Management
- Diagnosis through thorough clinical examination; absence of specific tests.
- Key symptoms include bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors.
- Management focuses on symptom relief through dopamine replacement therapies (e.g., Levodopa), surgical interventions, and occupational therapy.
Spina Bifida Overview
- Neural tube defect resulting from failure to close during embryonic development.
- Severity varies across types: Occulta (mildest), Meningocele, and Myelomeningocele (most severe).
- Maternal folate supplementation recommended to prevent occurrence.
Spina Bifida Clinical Manifestations
- Occulta: Often asymptomatic; may present with skin findings (e.g., tuft of hair).
- Meningocele: Potential bladder and bowel dysfunction; usually correctable with surgery.
- Myelomeningocele: Exposes nerves and meninges; higher risk for infections and significant spinal cord damage.
Diagnosis and Assessment of Spina Bifida
- Myelomeningocele often diagnosed prenatally via serum alpha-fetoprotein screening, with confirmation from amniocentesis.
- Assessment considers spinal cord involvement, visible spinal defects, and potential hydrocephalus.
Spina Bifida Nursing Interventions
- Prevent infection and injury to spinal defects using correct positioning.
- Conduct thorough skin care and urological monitoring.
- Educate families about condition management and potential complications like hydrocephalus and latex allergies.
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Most common chronic joint condition, referred to as “overuse arthritis”.
- Significant cause of disability globally; affects approximately 5 million Canadians.
- Predicted increase in prevalence due to an aging population.
- Involves degeneration of articular cartilage leading to joint pain and stiffness.
- Commonly affects weight-bearing joints (knees, hips) and hands.
- Early symptoms include inflammation and pain; later symptoms show joint surfaces rubbing together.
OA Etiology and Risk Factors
- Factors leading to OA include medication effects, chronic inflammation, joint instability, mechanical stress, and hematological disorders.
- Risk factors include genetic predisposition, obesity, and age.
- No specific lab tests required for diagnosis, but imaging reveals joint space narrowing and osteophytes.
OA Clinical Manifestations
- Symptoms include morning stiffness worsening throughout the day, swelling without redness or warmth, and possible crepitus (grating sensation).
Diagnosis and Grading
- Kellgren & Lawrence grading system assesses OA severity from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe).
OA Management
- No cure; management focuses on pain relief and reducing inflammation.
- Pharmacological options include acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and Celebrex.
- Non-pharmacological interventions include weight management, physiotherapy, and possible referral for joint replacement.
Parkinson's Disease (PD)
- Progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the central nervous system, primarily the basal ganglia.
- Characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and impaired gait.
- Second most common neurodegenerative disease; common onset post-65 years of age.
- Unclear etiology with no established cure.
PD Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
- Caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the Substantia Nigra.
- Risk factors include age, male sex, genetic predispositions, head trauma, and certain occupations.
PD Clinical Manifestations
- Initial symptoms often include resting tremor, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and muscle rigidity.
- Progression results in reduced arm swing, stooped posture, propulsive gait, and complex movement difficulties.
- Advanced symptoms involve lower speech volume, difficulty swallowing, drooling, and a mask-like expression.
PD Complications
- Increased risk of dementia, akinesia, depression, dysphagia, and other secondary health issues.
- Significant challenges with motor function leading to potential aspiration pneumonia and skin breakdown.
PD Diagnosis
- Diagnosed based on clinical examination; no definitive tests.
- Symptoms must indicate bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor (TRAP).
- Positive response to dopaminergic medications can help confirm diagnosis.
PD Management
- Levodopa (l-dopa) is a primary treatment for motor impairment.
- Other options include selegiline, pramipexole, anticholinergics, and surgical interventions like deep brain stimulation.
- Management remains symptomatic, focusing on improving quality of life.
Spina Bifida
- Neural tube defect resulting from the failure of spinal cord closure during embryonic development.
- Types include Spina Bifida Occulta (least severe), Meningocele, and Myelomeningocele (most severe).
- Preventable with maternal folate supplementation pre-conception.
Spina Bifida Clinical Manifestations
- Symptoms range from skin indicators (e.g., tuft of hair, dimples) in occulta, to bladder/bowel control issues and paralysis in myelomeningocele.
- Other concerns include orthopedic abnormalities, pressure sores, and lack of sensation.
Diagnosis and Assessment of Spina Bifida
- Prenatal diagnosis often involves measuring maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein.
- Physical assessment may reveal flaccid paralysis, hydrocephalus, and joint deformities.
Spina Bifida Treatment
- Surgical interventions may be necessary both prenatally and postnatally to minimize risks of complications.
- Ongoing support typically required for mobility and bladder/bowel function.
Nursing Interventions for Spina Bifida
- Focus on preventing infection and injury to spinal defects.
- Implementing correct positioning and good skin care to prevent complications.
- Continuous medical supervision and education for parents about the condition and care needs.
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Description
This quiz covers the essentials of Osteoarthritis (OA), focusing on its prevalence, risk factors, and pathophysiology. Learn how OA contributes to disability and understand the various factors that influence its onset. Test your knowledge about this prevalent joint condition affecting millions.
