OSPAP Programme: Screening in Pharmacy
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Questions and Answers

Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

  • Blood testing (correct)
  • Can be population based, selective, opportunistic (correct)
  • Combination of these to form a more comprehensive risk assessment (correct)
  • Microbiology testing (correct)
  • Physiological testing (correct)
  • Questionnaire (correct)

    • What are the aims of screening?

    Save lives, improve quality of life through early diagnosis of serious conditions, reduce risk of developing condition, reduce complications of existing conditions, requires careful assessment of risks and benefits.

    According to the WHO, population based screening should only be conducted if the disease is a significant health problem.

    True (A)

    Which of these are screening opportunities that can be used in community pharmacy?

    <p>Chlamydia screening with EHC consultations (A), Responding to symptoms with &quot;red flags&quot; e.g. weight loss with constipation (B), Asthma Control Test (ACT) when collecting inhalers (C), Blood pressure (D), AUDIT-C for alcohol awareness campaign (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of NHS chlamydia screening was provided by pharmacies in 2023?

    <p>0.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of gonorrhoea cases increased by 50.3% from 2021 to 2023.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Asthma Control Test?

    <p>To assess the severity of asthma control in individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An Asthma Control Test score of 20 or higher indicates poorly controlled asthma

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for NHS health checks?

    <p>40-74 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tests are used in NHS Health Checks?

    <p>Questionnaire (A), Cholesterol level (B), Blood pressure (C), Body mass index (BMI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NHS health checks are mandatory for all individuals between 40-74 years old.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the QRISK calculator?

    <p>To calculate an individual's cardiovascular risk over the next 10 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The QRISK calculator takes into account factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, medical history, and lifestyle.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the hypertension case finding service?

    <p>To identify undiagnosed cardiovascular disease in individuals over 40 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypertension case finding service provides ambulatory monitoring for individuals with elevated blood pressure.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the AUDIT-C questionnaire used for?

    <p>To screen individuals for potential alcohol use disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An AUDIT-C score of 5 or higher indicates increasing or higher risk drinking.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are "scratchcards" used for in the AUDIT-C screening?

    <p>They provide a simple self-assessment for alcohol use disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who score 5-12 on the AUDIT-C scratchcard should be referred to a local alcohol support service.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one resource for further information regarding screening programs in the UK.

    <p><a href="http://www.screening.nhs.uk">www.screening.nhs.uk</a></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    OSPAP Programme: Screening in the Pharmacy

    • The OSPAP programme focuses on screening in pharmacies.
    • Screening: The systematic process of testing people who have not previously sought medical attention to identify individuals at sufficient risk of a disorder to warrant further investigation.
    • Examples of screening include blood testing, physiological testing, microbiology testing, questionnaires, and combinations of these for comprehensive risk assessments. Screening can be population-based, selective, or opportunistic.

    Aims of Screening

    • Save lives
    • Improve quality of life through early diagnosis of serious conditions
    • Reduce risk of developing conditions
    • Reduce complications of existing conditions
    • Requires careful assessment of risks and benefits

    Population-Based Screening

    • According to WHO (Strong, Wald and Miller, 2005), population-based screening should only be undertaken if:
      • The disease is a significant health problem.
      • The natural history of the disease is understood.
      • There is an identifiable preclinical stage of the disease.
      • Tests are reliable.
      • Treatment benefits from early detection outweigh the delay in treatment.
      • The process is cost-effective.
      • Screening will be a systematic ongoing process.

    Screening Opportunities in Community Pharmacy

    • Selective screening: Such as chlamydia testing with EHC consultations.
    • Opportunistic screening: Includes asthma control tests when providing inhalers, blood pressure checks, and collaboration with primary care.
    • Screening participation: Part of a public health campaign, like AUDIT-C for alcohol awareness, responding to symptoms, and identifying "red flags" like weight loss with constipation.

    Chlamydia Screening

    • In 2021, the focus shifted to reducing reproductive harm from untreated chlamydia in women and others with a womb or ovaries.
    • Chlamydia is the most common STI in the UK.
    • Chlamydia cases saw a 24.3% increase from 2021 to 2022 and 194,244 in 2023.
    • Chlamydia primarily affects people under 25.
    • Testing involves urine or vaginal swabs, and treated easily by antibiotics.
    • Black 'other,' (non-African or Caribbean) and black Caribbean ethnicity have the highest risk.
    • In 2023, pharmacies only performed 0.3% of NHS chlamydia screening, a decrease from 2022 (42.7% online). Clamelle is a private screening service offered through some pharmacies.

    Gonorrhoea and Syphilis

    • Gonorrhea saw substantial increases in 2022 and 2023, reaching a record high.
    • Syphilis also reached record high numbers, increasing 9.4% from 2022 to 2023.

    Asthma Control Test

    • A survey by Asthma & Lung UK revealed that 24% of respondents had uncontrolled asthma in 2020.
    • A substantial proportion of the population is at risk of life-threatening asthma attacks.
    • A score under 20 on the Asthma Control Test suggests poorly-controlled asthma.

    NHS Health Checks (2009)

    • Offered every 5 years to those aged between 40 and 74 and without prior diagnoses.
    • The check encompasses various tests (Questionnaire, BMI, Cholesterol level, BP) aimed at identifying CVD, stroke, T2DM, and renal disease risk.
    • QRISK-2/3 (cardiovascular risk calculators) are used and communicated to the patient and interventions are planned.
    • Estimated to prevent 1600 heart attacks, 650 premature deaths, and 4000 new diabetes cases annually.

    Evaluation of NHS Health Checks

    • Strong et al.'s (2016) 4-year evaluation showed good uptake in areas of high social deprivation.
    • Uptake increased from 2009/10 (5.8%) to 2012/13 (30.1%).
    • The checks identified higher risk individuals for hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease.
    • Many individuals started on statins or antihypertensive therapies.

    QRISK

    • Risk calculators assess 10-year cardiovascular risk.
    • QRISK 2/3 are available, and QRISK3 is recommended by NICE.
    • Results are updated annually.

    Hypertension Case Finding Service 2021

    • Aimed to find undiagnosed cardiovascular disease in people over 40.
    • If blood pressure is 140/90mmHg or higher (but below 180/120mmHg), ambulatory monitoring is offered.
    • Patients are referred to their GPs for treatment.

    AUDIT-C (NICE, 2010)

    • A tool for identifying and assessing alcohol-related problems.
    • Scores of 5 or more indicate increasing or high risk drinking.
    • Remaining AUDIT questions are applicable.

    AUDIT-C (Davies et al., 2013)

    • Pharmacies are identified as suitable locations for screening through 'scratchcards.'

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    OSPAP Programme Screening in Pharmacy PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the key aspects of the OSPAP programme focusing on screening in pharmacies. It includes definitions, aims, and the criteria for population-based screening as recommended by WHO. Test your understanding of the importance and methods of screening in improving public health.

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