38 Questions
What is the function of the enzyme-free, alkaline mucoid fluid secreted by Brunner's glands?
To protect the duodenum from acidic chyme
Which type of fluid lubricates the intestinal walls?
Viscous, enzyme-free, alkaline mucoid fluid from Brunner's glands
What is the function of the thinner, enzyme-rich alkaline fluid from the crypts of Lieberkühn?
To inhibit gastric contractions
Which glands secrete the enzyme-free, alkaline mucoid fluid in the small intestine?
Brunner's glands
What is the purpose of the alkalinity in the Brunner's glands' secretion?
To activate intestinal enzymes required for absorption
Which component of the thinner fluid from crypts of Lieberkühn aids in digestion?
$enzymes$
Which of these animals uses an organ called a crop for food storage before digestion?
Birds
What is the primary function of the foregut in the digestive system?
Conduction, storage, and digestion of ingested material
Which digestive system chamber is typically found in omnivorous and carnivorous animals?
Monogastric stomach
What is the oropharyngeal stage in the process of swallowing?
Moving the food bolus from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus
What is the primary function of the hindgut in the digestive system?
Absorbing water before expelling digestive material
Which of these animals has a single-chambered stomach called a monogastric stomach?
Omnivores and carnivores
What is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the duodenum?
Stimulates pancreatic enzyme release for protein digestion
What triggers the secretion of secretin in the duodenum?
Acidic contents of an emptying stomach
Which hormone stimulates the exocrine part of the pancreas to secrete HCO3- into the duodenum?
Secretin
What is the main role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in response to fat-rich chyme?
Stimulates secretion of salt and water into the duodenum
Which hormone is commonly referred to as glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)?
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
In the generalized scheme of the alimentary canal, what is the function of the midgut?
Absorbs nutrients
What are the main functions of the hindgut in vertebrates?
Reabsorbs inorganic ions and excess water into the circulatory system
What effect does gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) have on gastric motility and acid secretion?
Slows gastric motility and acid secretion
What stimulates the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum?
Fatrich chyme
What is the primary role of enterokinase, sucrase, lactase, and aminopeptidase in the small intestine?
Function at the brush border membrane for nutrient absorption
What substance is primarily responsible for neutralizing chyme in the digestive system?
Alkaline secretion (HCO3-)
Which organ does not produce digestive enzymes but secretes bile instead?
Liver
What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive system?
Fat digestion
How is bile transported from the gallbladder to the duodenum?
Through the common bile duct
What is the primary hormone responsible for stimulating alkaline secretion in the pancreas?
Secretin
Which of the following substances is not a component of bile?
Amylase
Which region of the mammalian nephron is primarily responsible for the active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-?
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Which hormone controls the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubule and collecting duct by regulating the synthesis and insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels?
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Which part of the mammalian nephron is responsible for creating osmotic pressure within the interstitium, which enables water to move out of the descending limb?
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Which nephron type has glomeruli located in the outer cortex and descending limb partially entering the medulla?
Cortical nephron
Which nephron type has vasa recta present and is abundant in desert species?
Juxtamedullary nephron
Which enzyme is activated by the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and catalyzes the synthesis of cAMP?
Adenylate cyclase
Which region of the nephron is responsible for the passive diffusion of Na+ and Cl- into the hypo-osmotic interstitium, diluting the filtrate?
Thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Which distractor is not a region of the mammalian nephron?
Proximal ureter
What is the purpose of the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle?
To concentrate the filtrate
Which loop diuretics work by inhibiting the apical Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Furosemide and bumetanide
This quiz covers the process of osmoregulation in the mammalian kidney, focusing on the nephron and the proximal tubule. Topics include reabsorption of salts, amino acids, vitamins, and glucose, as well as the function of Na+/K+ ATPase in proximal tubule cells.
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