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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of the OSI model?
What is the main purpose of the OSI model?
- To improve data storage solutions for networks.
- To create interoperable network devices and software. (correct)
- To standardize user interfaces for application development.
- To enhance security protocols across networks.
Which of the following is NOT a layer in the OSI model?
Which of the following is NOT a layer in the OSI model?
- Presentation
- Network Interface (correct)
- Application
- Transport
How does the OSI model facilitate industry standardization?
How does the OSI model facilitate industry standardization?
- By allowing hardware to operate independently of software.
- By defining specific functions at each layer. (correct)
- By prioritizing data integrity over network communication.
- By mandating single-vendor solutions for network systems.
What advantage does the OSI model provide in terms of troubleshooting?
What advantage does the OSI model provide in terms of troubleshooting?
Why is it beneficial that changes in one OSI layer do not affect others?
Why is it beneficial that changes in one OSI layer do not affect others?
What is the first step in establishing a connection in a connection-oriented session?
What is the first step in establishing a connection in a connection-oriented session?
What does the receiver do when the buffer is full during flow control?
What does the receiver do when the buffer is full during flow control?
What service does the Presentation layer primarily provide?
What service does the Presentation layer primarily provide?
In windowing flow control with a window size of 3, what happens after the sender sends the third segment?
In windowing flow control with a window size of 3, what happens after the sender sends the third segment?
Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for logical addressing?
Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for logical addressing?
When does the sender receive an ACK for segment 4 in the given acknowledgements?
When does the sender receive an ACK for segment 4 in the given acknowledgements?
What happens to the connection when the sender attempts to send segment 5 after a connection loss?
What happens to the connection when the sender attempts to send segment 5 after a connection loss?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Transport layer?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Transport layer?
What is the primary function of the Data Link layer?
What is the primary function of the Data Link layer?
What mechanism does reliable data transport use to ensure segments are delivered in order?
What mechanism does reliable data transport use to ensure segments are delivered in order?
What is the responsibility of the Physical layer?
What is the responsibility of the Physical layer?
Which layer involves services like file and print sharing?
Which layer involves services like file and print sharing?
Which layer is responsible for combining packets into bytes and frames?
Which layer is responsible for combining packets into bytes and frames?
What is the primary function of routers at Layer 3?
What is the primary function of routers at Layer 3?
What does the 'Metric' column in a routing table represent?
What does the 'Metric' column in a routing table represent?
How do routers handle broadcast domains?
How do routers handle broadcast domains?
In the provided routing table, which interface has the lowest metric for NET 2?
In the provided routing table, which interface has the lowest metric for NET 2?
Which of the following statements about the routing protocol functions listed is correct?
Which of the following statements about the routing protocol functions listed is correct?
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Study Notes
OSI Model
- The OSI model is a seven-layer model created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the late 1970s to standardize network communication.
- The OSI model was designed to enable interoperability between networks from different vendors.
- The model breaks down network communication into smaller, simpler components to ease development, design, and troubleshooting.
Model Advantages
- Encourages industry standardization by defining functions for each layer.
- Enables multiple-vendor development through standardization.
- Allows various types of network hardware and software to communicate.
- Prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers, streamlining development and application programming.
OSI Model Layers
- Application (Layer 7): Provides user interface and application services like file, print, message, database, and applications.
- Presentation (Layer 6): Handles data encryption, compression, and translation services.
- Session (Layer 5): Manages dialog control and keeps different applications' data separate.
- Transport (Layer 4): Provides reliable or unreliable end-to-end connections through segmentation and error correction.
- Network (Layer 3): Responsible for logical addressing and routing.
- Data Link (Layer 2): Combines packets into frames, performs error detection, and provides access to the media using MAC addresses.
- Physical (Layer 1): Handles physical topology, including voltage, wire speed, and pin-out of cables.
Reliable Data Transport
- Reliable data transport uses a connection-oriented communication session.
- Protocols ensure:
- Delivered segments are acknowledged back to the sender.
- Unacknowledged segments are retransmitted.
- Segments are sequenced back into proper order upon arrival.
- A manageable data flow is maintained to avoid congestion, overloading, and data loss.
Connection Oriented Session
- A connection-oriented session establishes a connection between sender and receiver using SYN (synchronous) and ACK (acknowledgement) messages.
Flow Control
- Flow control prevents the sender from overwhelming the receiver by stopping transmission when the receiver's buffer is full.
- The receiver signals when it is ready to receive data.
Windowing Flow Control
- Allows the sender to send multiple segments within a specific window size.
- Acknowledging packets allows the sender to adjust the window size dynamically.
Acknowledgements
- Acknowledging packets ensures the recipient has received data.
- Lost connections can still be detected and managed.
Routing at Layer 3
- Routers use routing tables containing network addresses and appropriate interfaces with metrics to determine the best path for data packets.
- Routing occurs at Layer 3 to determine the optimal path to deliver data.
Routers at Layer 3
- Routers break up broadcast domains.
- Each router interface is a broadcast domain.
- Routers provide WAN services.
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