OSI Model and TCP/IP Protocols Quiz

Definition: A conceptual framework used to understand network interactions in seven layers.
Layers:
1. Physical: Transmission of raw bitstream over physical medium.
2. Data Link: Node-to-node data transfer and error correction (e.g., Ethernet).
3. Network: Routing of data packets across networks (e.g., IP).
4. Transport: End-to-end communication, reliability, flow control (e.g., TCP, UDP).
5. Session: Managing sessions between applications (e.g., establishing connections).
6. Presentation: Data translation, encryption, and compression (e.g., JPEG).
7. Application: Interfaces for end-user software and network services (e.g., HTTP, FTP).

Definition: A suite of communication protocols used for the internet and similar networks.
Layers:
1. Application Layer: Provides network services directly to user applications (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP).
2. Transport Layer: Manages end-to-end message delivery (TCP for reliability, UDP for speed).
3. Internet Layer: Handles addressing and routing of packets (e.g., IP).
4. Link Layer: Facilitates data transfer between adjacent network nodes (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi).
Key Protocols:
- IP (Internet Protocol): Addresses and routes data packets.
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ensures reliable communication.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Provides fast, connectionless communication.

Definition: Dividing a larger network into smaller, manageable subnetworks.
Purpose:
- Efficient IP address management.
- Improved security and performance.
Key Concepts:
- Subnet Mask: Defines the network and host portions of an IP address.
- CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing): Uses prefix notation (e.g., /24) for flexible subnetting.
- Address Range: Calculating usable addresses for hosts within a subnet.

Definition: Practices and technologies aimed at protecting network integrity, confidentiality, and availability.
Components:
- Firewalls: Control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules.
- Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Monitor network traffic for suspicious activities.
- Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Secure remote access by encrypting data over public networks.
- Encryption: Protecting data through coding, ensuring only authorized access.
Best Practices:
- Regular software updates and patches.
- Strong password policies.
- Employee training on security awareness.

Routing:
- Definition: Determines the best paths for data to travel across networks.
- Devices: Routers make decisions based on IP addresses and routing protocols.
- Protocols:
  - RIP (Routing Information Protocol): Distance-vector protocol for small networks.
  - OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): Link-state protocol for larger, complex networks.
Switching:
- Definition: Connects devices within the same network and manages data traffic.
- Devices: Switches operate at the data link layer, sending frames to specific devices based on MAC addresses.
- Types:
  - Layer 2 Switches: Operate at the data link layer (MAC addresses).
  - Layer 3 Switches: Incorporate routing functionality (IP addresses).

Definition: A framework outlining seven layers of network communication.
Layers:
- Physical: Raw bitstream transmission over physical connections.
- Data Link: Node-to-node data transfer, error correction (e.g., Ethernet).
- Network: Routing of data packets across networks (e.g., IP).
- Transport: Secure, reliable end-to-end communication (e.g., TCP, UDP).
- Session: Management of communication sessions between applications (e.g., connection setup).
- Presentation: Data translation, encryption, and compression (e.g., JPEG).
- Application: Interface between user software and network services (e.g., HTTP, FTP).

Definition: A suite of protocols for the internet and similar networks.
Layers:
- Application Layer: Provides network services to user applications (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP).
- Transport Layer: Manages end-to-end message delivery (TCP for reliability, UDP for speed).
- Internet Layer: Handles IP addressing and packet routing.
- Link Layer: Enables data transfer between adjacent network nodes (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi).
Key Protocols:
- IP (Internet Protocol): Addresses and routes data packets.
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ensures reliable communication.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Offers fast, connectionless communication.

Definition: Dividing a large network into smaller, more manageable subnetworks.
Purpose:
- Efficiently manages IP addresses.
- Improves network security and performance.
Key Concepts:
- Subnet Mask: Defines network and host portions within an IP address.
- CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing): Uses prefix notation (e.g., /24) for flexible subnetting.
- Address Range: Calculates usable addresses for hosts within a subnet.

Definition: Protects network integrity, confidentiality, and availability.
Components:
- Firewalls: Control network traffic based on security rules.
- Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Monitor network traffic for suspicious activities.
- Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Encrypt data over public networks for secure remote access.
- Encryption: Protects data through coding, ensuring only authorized access.
Best Practices:
- Regular software updates and security patches.
- Strong password policies.
- Employee training on network security.

Routing:
- Definition: Determines the best paths for data to travel across networks.
- Devices: Routers use IP addresses and routing protocols for decision-making.
- Protocols:
  - RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A distance-vector protocol for smaller networks.
  - OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): A link-state protocol suitable for larger, complex networks.
Switching:
- Definition: Connects devices within a network and manages data traffic.
- Devices: Switches operate at the data link layer, sending frames to specific devices based on MAC addresses.
- Types:
  - Layer 2 Switches: Operate at the data link layer (MAC addresses).
  - Layer 3 Switches: Incorporate routing functionality (IP addresses).