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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of calling digitalWrite(pin_LED1, LED_state1)?
What is the purpose of calling digitalWrite(pin_LED1, LED_state1)?
What will happen to LED_state1 after executing LED_state1 = !LED_state1?
What will happen to LED_state1 after executing LED_state1 = !LED_state1?
Why is there a delay of 100 milliseconds after reading the button state?
Why is there a delay of 100 milliseconds after reading the button state?
What does the line if (time_current - time_previous >= 1000) check for?
What does the line if (time_current - time_previous >= 1000) check for?
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What happens when the button connected to pin_button is pressed?
What happens when the button connected to pin_button is pressed?
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What is the output frequency set for the function generator in the preparation steps?
What is the output frequency set for the function generator in the preparation steps?
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How should the vertical sensitivity setting be adjusted in step 8 of the vertical sensitivity measurement?
How should the vertical sensitivity setting be adjusted in step 8 of the vertical sensitivity measurement?
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What effect does changing the horizontal sensitivity from 0.2 ms/div to 0.5 ms/div have on the waveform?
What effect does changing the horizontal sensitivity from 0.2 ms/div to 0.5 ms/div have on the waveform?
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What is the peak-to-peak voltage measured with a vertical sensitivity of 2 V/div?
What is the peak-to-peak voltage measured with a vertical sensitivity of 2 V/div?
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For a frequency of 1 kHz, how many divisions are needed to display one cycle at a horizontal sensitivity of 1 ms/div?
For a frequency of 1 kHz, how many divisions are needed to display one cycle at a horizontal sensitivity of 1 ms/div?
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What is the required horizontal sensitivity to view one cycle of a 1 kHz waveform across 10 divisions?
What is the required horizontal sensitivity to view one cycle of a 1 kHz waveform across 10 divisions?
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When changing the vertical sensitivity from 2 V/div to 0.5 V/div, what should be the expected change in the waveform appearance?
When changing the vertical sensitivity from 2 V/div to 0.5 V/div, what should be the expected change in the waveform appearance?
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During the measurement of the 5 kHz 6 Vpp sine wave, what setting must be ensured for the oscilloscope?
During the measurement of the 5 kHz 6 Vpp sine wave, what setting must be ensured for the oscilloscope?
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At 100 kHz with a 4 Vpp square wave, what is the essential adjustment to make on the oscilloscope?
At 100 kHz with a 4 Vpp square wave, what is the essential adjustment to make on the oscilloscope?
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What determines the frequency of a waveform measured with an oscilloscope?
What determines the frequency of a waveform measured with an oscilloscope?
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Which of the following components is adjusted to view voltage changes over specified time intervals on an oscilloscope?
Which of the following components is adjusted to view voltage changes over specified time intervals on an oscilloscope?
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What is the correct calculation for peak voltage (Vp) if the voltage per division is set to 100 mV and the waveform spans 4 divisions?
What is the correct calculation for peak voltage (Vp) if the voltage per division is set to 100 mV and the waveform spans 4 divisions?
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What type of signal can a function generator produce?
What type of signal can a function generator produce?
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How is the root mean square (RMS) value defined mathematically for a varying voltage signal?
How is the root mean square (RMS) value defined mathematically for a varying voltage signal?
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Which setting on the oscilloscope directly impacts how voltage values are displayed on the vertical axis?
Which setting on the oscilloscope directly impacts how voltage values are displayed on the vertical axis?
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What does the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) represent on an oscilloscope?
What does the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) represent on an oscilloscope?
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When measuring with an oscilloscope, what must be adjusted to obtain an accurate reading of a periodic waveform?
When measuring with an oscilloscope, what must be adjusted to obtain an accurate reading of a periodic waveform?
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How does increasing the display intensity on an oscilloscope affect the visual representation of a signal?
How does increasing the display intensity on an oscilloscope affect the visual representation of a signal?
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Which function must an oscilloscope perform to set the measurement mode accurately?
Which function must an oscilloscope perform to set the measurement mode accurately?
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What is the purpose of the map() function in this sketch?
What is the purpose of the map() function in this sketch?
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What causes the LED to change its state in the loop function?
What causes the LED to change its state in the loop function?
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How is the interval variable updated in the sketch?
How is the interval variable updated in the sketch?
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What is the initial value of LED_state in the setup function?
What is the initial value of LED_state in the setup function?
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What does the variable adc represent in the loop function?
What does the variable adc represent in the loop function?
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What range does the map() function convert the ADC value from in this sketch?
What range does the map() function convert the ADC value from in this sketch?
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What will happen if the potentiometer is turned to the maximum value?
What will happen if the potentiometer is turned to the maximum value?
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Which pin is defined for the LED connection in the provided sketch?
Which pin is defined for the LED connection in the provided sketch?
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What is the formula used to calculate the percentage error between the calculated and measured values?
What is the formula used to calculate the percentage error between the calculated and measured values?
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In a circuit, which pin mode should be set for a button that requires input reading?
In a circuit, which pin mode should be set for a button that requires input reading?
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How often does the loop function check the elapsed time when using the millis function?
How often does the loop function check the elapsed time when using the millis function?
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What happens during the execution of the delay function in a microcontroller setup?
What happens during the execution of the delay function in a microcontroller setup?
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What is the role of the digitalWrite function in controlling an LED?
What is the role of the digitalWrite function in controlling an LED?
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In the context of a waveform generator, what does Vpp stand for?
In the context of a waveform generator, what does Vpp stand for?
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What type of waveform is used when the setup specifies 100kHz, 4Vpp?
What type of waveform is used when the setup specifies 100kHz, 4Vpp?
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Which function allows for non-blocking delays in an Arduino sketch?
Which function allows for non-blocking delays in an Arduino sketch?
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What is the significance of using a digital multimeter in conjunction with the function generator?
What is the significance of using a digital multimeter in conjunction with the function generator?
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In the context of periodic processing, which method would allow for immediate response to a button press?
In the context of periodic processing, which method would allow for immediate response to a button press?
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What is the intended outcome of connecting a variable resistor in a periodic control sketch?
What is the intended outcome of connecting a variable resistor in a periodic control sketch?
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What is the primary function of the pinMode function in Arduino programming?
What is the primary function of the pinMode function in Arduino programming?
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of using the delay function extensively in an Arduino sketch?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of using the delay function extensively in an Arduino sketch?
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Study Notes
Oscilloscope
- Measures voltage changes over a specific time interval
- Displays signal changes as a repeating waveform
Oscilloscope Features
-
X-axis
- Displays time per division (sec/div)
- Waveform period = (sec/div) * number of divisions
- Frequency = 1 / period
-
Y-axis
- Displays voltage per division (V/div)
- Voltage = (V/div) * number of divisions
- Vp: Peak voltage, Vpp : Peak-to-peak voltage
-
Waveform Display
- 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 = 𝐴 ⋅ sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃)
- A: Amplitude (V), f: Frequency (Hz), 𝜃: Phase (rad)
- 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 = 𝐴 ⋅ sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃)
-
Other Features
-
High input impedance, providing more accurate readings than a multimeter
-
Requires practice to use effectively
-
Different models have similar functionalities
-
RMS (Root Mean Square) value of a sinusoidal waveform:
𝑡0 +𝑇 𝑉𝑝 1 2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ⋅න 𝑉 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑇 𝑡0 2
-
Function Generator
- Generates various types of waveforms and outputs them as voltage
- Outputs: Sine wave, Square wave, Triangle wave
- Adjusts output amplitude with an amplitude control
Lab 6-1: Oscilloscope & Function Generator
- Objective:*
- To understand the usage of the oscilloscope and function generator.
- Procedure:*
-
Preparation and Basic Experiments:
- Understand terms related to the oscilloscope: Focus, Intensity, Horizontal and Vertical Position, AC-GND-DC Switch, Signal Input, Mode Switch, Trigger Control.
- Connect the function generator to the oscilloscope input channel and set the function generator to output a 1kHz sine wave
- Set the oscilloscope vertical sensitivity to 1 V/div and the function generator voltage to 2V to achieve a 4Vpp sine wave.
-
Waveform Measurement:
- Set the oscilloscope to display a 5kHz, 6Vpp sine wave and a 100kHz, 4Vpp square wave.
- Record the waveform shape and the settings used (ms/div, V/div).
-
RMS Value and Error Measurement:
-
Calculate the RMS value of a 1kHz, 4Vpp sine wave and record it.
-
Measure the RMS value of the function generator's output using a digital multimeter and record it.
-
Calculate the % error:
𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝑀 %오차 = × 100% 𝑉𝐴 -
Where 𝑉𝐴 = calculated value, 𝑉𝑀 = measured value
-
-
Results Validation
- Present the filled-in results table and diagrams.
- Answer any questions from the instructor.
Digital and Analog Data Processing
Digital Data
- Input: pinMode(pinNo, INPUT); digitalRead(pinNo);
- Output: pinMode(pinNo, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pinNo, value);
Analog Data
- Input: pinMode(pinNo, INPUT); analogRead(pinNo);
- Output: pinMode(pinNo, OUTPUT); analogWrite(pinNo, dutyCycle);
Periodic Processing Functions
-
delay() function:
- Pauses the program for a specified amount of time.
- Most microcontroller operations are halted during the delay.
-
millis() function:
- Returns the time elapsed since the program started.
- Allows other tasks to run while waiting for a specific time interval.
Lab 6-2: Periodic Processing
- Objective:*
- To understand how to create periodic processes using the Arduino platform.
- Procedure:*
-
Button and LED Connection
- Connect a button and LEDs to the Arduino board.
-
Blink with millis() Function (Sketch 8-3):
- Use the millis() function to control the blink interval of an LED, allowing other tasks to run simultaneously.
- Continuously check the elapsed time and update the LED state accordingly.
-
Periodic LED Control - Using delay Function (Sketch 8-1):
- Use the delay() function to control the blink of LEDs, but this approach will block other tasks from running during the delay.
-
Periodic LED Control - Using millis Function (Sketch 8-4):
- Combine the millis() function with button input to control the blink of two LEDs.
- The first LED blinks periodically, while the second LED toggles its state when the button is pressed.
-
Variable Resistance-based Period Control (Sketch 8-6):
- Use a potentiometer to control the blink interval of an LED.
- The analogRead() function reads the potentiometer value, and the map() function converts it to a desired interval range.
Lab 6-2 Reference: map() Function
-
long map(long value, long fromLow, long fromHigh, long toLow, long toHigh):- Remaps a value from one range to another.
-
value: The number to map. -
fromLow: Lower bound of the input range. -
fromHigh: Upper bound of the input range. -
toLow: Lower bound of the output range. -
toHigh: Upper bound of the output range.
Lab 6-2: Results Check
- Show the Sketch 8-3, 8-5, and 8-6 editing windows.
- Show the execution of Sketch 8-3, 8-5, and 8-6.
- Answer any questions from the instructor.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential features and functions of oscilloscopes, including how they measure voltage and display waveforms. Understand the significance of the X-axis and Y-axis for time and voltage, along with waveform equations. Dive into the various functionalities that make oscilloscopes essential tools for accurate signal measurements.
