32 Questions
What is the main differentiating symptom between bacterial/viral conjunctivitis and allergic conjunctivitis?
Watery discharge
Which type of conjunctivitis usually affects both eyes initially?
Viral conjunctivitis
What is the recommended treatment for bacterial/viral conjunctivitis in individuals above 2 years old?
Chloramphenicol 1% w/v eye drops/ointment
What should individuals with bacterial/viral conjunctivitis avoid doing during the infection?
Wearing contacts until infection clears
Which symptom indicates the presence of allergic conjunctivitis?
Itching
What should be done if there is no improvement after 48 hours in a patient with conjunctivitis?
Consult an optometrist immediately
What is the recommended treatment for Ringworm caused by dermatophyte trichophyton?
Topical anti-fungal cream
How long should one stay away from school or work when infected with a notifiable disease?
3 days
What is the recommended antibiotic for Henoxymethyl penicillin times a day for ten days or amoxicillin?
Azithromycin
What is the common symptom that appears 5 days before the rash in cases of Ringworm?
Swollen glands in the neck
What does Tinea corporis refer to?
Fungal infection on the body
What is a common symptom of both the common cold and influenza?
Nasal congestion
Which medication mentioned in the text can reduce the severity and duration of flu symptoms?
Oseltamivir
What is a recommended prophylactic measure for the flu, especially for those at high risk or over 65 years old?
Getting a flu vaccine
What is the common complication that may develop following a cold and may require treatment with antibiotics?
Otitis
What should be avoided to prevent dehydration during cold or influenza?
Sharing drinks or cutlery
What is the recommended treatment for fever and malaise during a cold or influenza?
Simple analgesics like paracetamol
What is a common symptom of Influenza infection?
Nausea and vomiting
Which medication is recommended for decongestion in Influenza patients aged 6 or above?
Phenylephrine
What is a common complication of Influenza that can result in pneumonia?
High fever that persists
Which of the following is a recommended self-care measure for a sore throat caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci?
Drinking plenty of fluids
Which age group should avoid systemic sympathomimetics like Phenylephrine or Pseudoephedrine due to potential side effects?
Under 12 years old
What is a distinguishing feature of cough drops administration mentioned in the text?
Tilting head down facing the floor
What is the recommended treatment if the affected area is inflamed for 7 days?
Hydrocortisone cream
What should be avoided to prevent transmission in case of conditions like scabies?
Sharing towels
In case dandruff is still present after using anti-dandruff shampoo for more than a month, what further actions can be taken?
Try permethrin or malathion
What should be done if scabies has been eradicated?
Apply hydrocortisone cream all over the body
For what condition is crotamiton 10% cream used?
Scabies relief
What is the recommended frequency of application for ketoconazole nizoral shampoo in prevention?
Once a week
Which medication is typically used to soothe and hydrate the skin?
Emollients
'Alopecia areata' is a condition associated with what symptom?
'Red, scaly advancing edge'
'Dandruff' often manifests with what characteristic on the scalp?
'Clear central area'
Study Notes
Ophthalmology
- Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
- Typically affects both eyes
- Symptoms include mucopurulent discharge, causing eyes to stick together
- Treatment: Chloramphenicol 1% w/v eye drops or ointment for 5 days
- Viral Conjunctivitis:
- Typically affects one eye initially, then the other
- Symptoms include watery discharge
- Treatment: Chloramphenicol 1% w/v eye drops or ointment for 5 days
- Allergic Conjunctivitis:
- Affects both eyes
- Symptoms include itching, foreign body sensation, and watery discharge
- Treatment: Sodium cromoglicate or antihistamine
Ringworm
- Caused by dermatophyte trichophyton
- Symptoms: swollen glands in neck, rash with pink/red lesions, slightly raised, annular/ring-shaped patches
- Treatment: Terbafine, topical anti-fungal cream
Subconjunctival Haemorrhage
- Caused by rupture of blood vessel in eye due to trauma, straining, or stress
- Symptoms: no pain, may cause drowsiness, photophobia
- Treatment: resolves on its own within 10-14 days
Common Cold and Influenza
- Common Cold:
- Symptoms: initial discomfort in eyes, nose, and throat, sneezing, nasal discharge, congestion, mild fever
- Recovery: 4-10 days
- Influenza:
- Symptoms: rapid onset, shivering, headache, myalgia, vertigo, back pain, fever
- Recovery: 7-10 days
- Treatment: rest, stay warm, drink plenty of fluids, use disposable tissues, avoid sharing drinks and cutlery
Sore Throat
- Caused by beta haemolytic streptococci
- Symptoms: dry throat, pain when swallowing, hoarseness, redness and swelling at back of throat
- Treatment: painkillers (paracetamol, ibuprofen), lozenges (benzylamine hydrochloride), self-limiting, antibiotics not effective
Dandruff
- Symptoms: red, scaly, itchy scalp
- Treatment: salicylic acid, ketoconazole, nizoral application
Scabies
- Caused by mite Sarcoptes scabei
- Symptoms: intensely itchy skin rash
- Treatment: permethrin, malathion
Alopecia Areata
- Symptoms: patchy hair loss, inflammatory cells attacking hair follicles
- Treatment: minoxidil, finasteride
Eczema
- Caused by climate change, pollution, allergies
- Symptoms: itchy, scaly, red skin
- Treatment: emollients, hydrocortisone 1%, topical corticosteroids
Prepare for OSCE scenarios related to ophthalmology by testing your knowledge on bacterial conjunctivitis, viral conjunctivitis, and allergic conjunctivitis. Understand the differences in symptoms, causes, and treatment options for these conditions.
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