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Questions and Answers

Why are preventative interventions for affective disorders often designed to be low intensity, with low risk of side effects, and/or low cost to deliver?

To reduce the likelihood of individuals developing a dependence on long-term therapeutic interventions.
To minimize potential harm and ethical concerns associated with administering treatments to individuals who are not currently ill. (correct)
To align with the limited resources typically allocated to mental health services, ensuring cost-effectiveness.
To ensure broad accessibility and appeal to the general population, maximizing participation rates.

Which of the following measures is considered a preventative measure that is not specifically therapeutic?

Implementing family-focused psychological interventions targeted at young people at risk.
Providing Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) to the general population.
Administering pharmacological therapies to individuals with a family history of affective disorders.
Detecting signs of relapse, prelapse or prodrome to signal a need for increased monitoring or intervention. (correct)

What is a primary challenge associated with intervening at the earliest possible point when an affective disorder is evident?

The difficulty in obtaining informed consent from individuals experiencing early symptoms.
The frequent misrecognition of affective disorders, leading to delays in accurate diagnosis and treatment. (correct)
The potential for over-diagnosis and unnecessary medicalization of subclinical symptoms.
The lack of effective treatment options for individuals in the early stages of affective disorders.

Why have preventative strategies for affective disorders traditionally not been very successful?

Due to the challenges in effectively implementing and sustaining long-term preventative interventions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a key ethical consideration regarding preventative interventions for affective disorders?

Balancing the potential benefits of preventing illness against the risks and costs of treating individuals who are not currently ill. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do online anti-suicide interventions primarily target their preventative efforts?

By focusing on individuals considered at risk of illness, such as those with suicidal ideation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Early intervention in affective disorders can be difficult because:

Affective disorders are frequently underrecognized, leading to delayed diagnoses and treatment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary reasons for the increasing emphasis on early intervention in mental health?

Improved long-term illness outcomes and demonstrated success of early intervention services. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Aside from developing new therapies, what approach is being increasingly emphasized to improve treatment outcomes for affective disorders?

Implementing preventative interventions, particularly for those at risk, and intervening early when illness is evident. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What challenges are associated with researching early intervention strategies for affective disorders?

Difficulty in detecting early-stage cases and the need for long-term outcome assessments. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Based on Michael Berk's trial, which medication was found to be more effective for people after their first episode of mania?

Lithium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is investment in early intervention services for affective disorders considered insufficient?

Lack of evidence supporting their effectiveness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What approach is commonly used for treatment selection in affective disorders, despite the availability of numerous treatments?

Trial and error. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the research cited, how do individuals with overactive inflammatory responses respond to standard antidepressant medications for depression?

They respond less well compared to individuals with normal inflammation levels. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the research suggest about individuals with higher cortisol secretion and their response to psychological therapies?

They respond less well, indicating a dysregulated HPA axis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of identifying factors that predict response versus nonresponse to interventions for affective disorders?

Predictive factors help personalize treatments and optimize outcomes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of replicating predictive models in both retrospective and prospective studies?

To validate the model's generalizability and reliability in predicting treatment outcomes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher finds that high cortisol levels and inflammation are correlated with non-response to initial depression treatments. What is a logical next step in investigating this?

Conduct further studies combining both biological and non-biological predictors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between a fully personalized medicine approach and a stratified medicine approach in treating affective disorders?

Personalized medicine assesses individual characteristics for tailored interventions, while stratified medicine categorizes patients into subgroups for targeted treatments. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in establishing reliable predictive models for treatment response in affective disorders?

Inconsistent results between studies and insufficient replication of models. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with treatment-resistant depression has tried multiple antidepressants without success. According to the information, which factor would suggest a potentially worse outcome with further treatment?

Severity of current depressive symptoms. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of developing predictive models for treatment response, what does 'a priori' mean in the statement 'predictive markers are set out a priori'?

Markers are predetermined and specified before the study begins. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to validate predictive models in controlled trials, rather than only in naturalistic studies of treatment?

Controlled trials help ensure observed benefits are due to the model and not other confounding variables. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of conducting systematic reviews in predicting treatment response, such as the Taylor et al. review mentioned?

Systematic reviews help identify consistent predictors across multiple studies, despite individual inconsistencies. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a stratified randomized trial in the context of treatment selection using a predictive model?

To evaluate and compare clinical responses between usual strategies and treatment guided by a predictive model. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why has research on depression received more attention than research on bipolar disorder?

Depression is a common feature across most affective disorders, and individuals experiencing mania face challenges in participating in research. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a significant challenge in conducting research with participants in acute manic states?

Participants may struggle to complete tasks, attend visits, or provide informed consent due to symptoms like distractibility and pressured speech. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'unipolar mania,' and why is it relevant in the context of affective disorders?

An extremely rare condition, which is an exception to depression being a common feature across all affective disorders. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of using computational models alongside clinical expertise in understanding affective disorders?

Disentangling affective disorders into more homogeneous subgroups, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms and treatment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can technological and social progress aid in advancing research on affective disorders?

By enabling large-scale research involving many participants and diverse data types over extended periods. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the challenges researchers face when studying individuals experiencing mania?

A participant abruptly leaves a brain scan session due to an inability to remain still, exhibiting pressured speech and distractibility. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Given the complexities of researching affective disorders, what approach is most likely to yield significant advancements in the field?

Conducting large-scale, multifaceted research that integrates technological advancements, clinical expertise, and diverse data types. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Preventative Interventions

Strategies aimed at stopping an affective disorder from developing in the first place.

Challenges of Preventative Interventions

Preventative strategies have not been very effective traditionally, and treatments given to healthy people may be considered unethical.

Examples of Preventative Interventions

Low-risk, low-cost interventions like IPSRT and psychoeducation, often used in preventative settings, tend to focus on at-risk populations.

Detection of Prelapse

Detecting early warning signs of relapse before it fully occurs (prelapse) can allow for early intervention.