Orthopedics: Introduction to Joints

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Questions and Answers

What type of joint is characterized by bones connected by hyaline cartilage?

Primary cartilaginous joint (correct)

Fibrous joint

Syndesmotic joint

Synovial joint

Which surgical subspecialty unit focuses on treating congenital and developmental abnormalities?

Tumor unit

Pediatrics orthopedics (correct)

Knee and sport medicine units

Arthroplasty unit

What is the primary characteristic of synovial joints?

No joint cavity present

Separated by a joint cavity (correct)

Connected by fibrous tissue

Covered by hyaline cartilage

What does the term 'amphiarthrosis' refer to in joint classification?

Joints allowing slight movement Signup and view all the answers

In orthopedics, what does the term 'osteoarthritis' refer to?

A degenerative joint disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is classified as a traumatic disorder?

Fractures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of orthopedic surgery?

Management of the musculoskeletal system Signup and view all the answers

What joint type includes those where bones are united by strong ligaments?

Syndesmotic joints Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into equal front and back halves?

Frontal plane Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of posture deformity?

An abnormality of shape and/or posture of the spine and limbs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes inversion of the foot?

Down and inwards movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a fixed deformity?

Rigid flat foot Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically a cause of postural deformities?

Postauricular infection Signup and view all the answers

What is eversion of the foot characterized by?

Upward and outward movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential teratogenic agent that can cause deformities?

Mechanical factors Signup and view all the answers

What type of deformation results from a malunited fracture?

Post-traumatic deformity Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by excessive forward (anterior) curvature of the spine?

Lordosis Signup and view all the answers

What does a pes planus condition refer to?

Loss of normal arch of the foot Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is the foot fixed in dorsiflexion?

Calcaneus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of kyphosis?

Excessive backward curvature of the spine Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'arthroscopy' refer to?

An operation to directly view a joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of deformity results from a combination of deviations in the foot?

Equinocavovarus deformity Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a varus deviation?

Deviation toward the midline Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of orthosis in medical treatment?

To align or support an injured area Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Orthopedics

Orthopedics deals with the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal system diseases and trauma, encompassing bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves.
The term "Orthopedics" originates from Greek, meaning "straight child."

Types of Joints

Fibrous Joints:
- Suture joints connect skull bones.
- Syndesmotic joints involve bones connected by strong ligaments.
Cartilaginous Joints:
- Primary (Hyaline Cartilage): Bones joined by hyaline cartilage.
- Secondary (Fibrocartilage): Bones joined by fibrocartilage, categorized as amphiarthrosis.
Synovial Joints:
- Characterized by articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage, a joint cavity, and a fibrous tissue capsule surrounding the joint.

Subspecialties in Orthopedic Surgery

Subspecialties include:
- Pediatrics
- Spinal surgery
- Ankle and foot surgery
- Upper limb and hand surgery
- Knee and sports medicine
- Trauma surgery
- Tumor management
- Arthroplasty
- Reconstruction and deformity correction

Types of Common Conditions

Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities:
- Examples include Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) and Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH).
Traumatic Conditions:
- Conditions such as fractures, dislocations, fracture dislocations, and osteomyelitis.
Infectious Diseases:
- Pyogenic arthritis.
Inflammatory Conditions:
- Rheumatic disorders.
Neoplastic Conditions:
- Osteosarcoma and Giant Cell Tumor.
Neuromuscular Disorders:
- Conditions like cerebral palsy and spina bifida.
Degenerative Disorders:
- Osteoarthritis.
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders:
- Includes Rickets and Osteoporosis.

Body Planes

Median (Sagittal) Plane: Divides body into equal left and right halves.
Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into equal front and back halves.
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into equal top and bottom halves.

Movements

Abduction: Movement away from the body’s midline.
Adduction: Movement towards the body’s midline.
Rotation: Movement around the long axis of a limb.
Eversion/Inversion: Upward outward/inward foot movements.
Pronation/Supination: Turning the hand to face down/up.

Deformities

Postural Deformities: Can be corrected actively or passively.
Fixed Deformities: Cannot be corrected actively or passively.

Causes of Deformities

Genetic Factors: Inherited gene disorders.
Environmental Factors: Teratogenic agents, mechanical factors, viral infections (e.g., rubella), certain drugs (e.g., thalidomide), ionizing radiation.
Acquired Factors:
- Post-traumatic effects, infections like osteomyelitis, paralytic conditions, and muscle contractures.

Types of Deformities

Varus: Deviation towards the midline.
Valgus: Deviation away from the midline.
Torsion: Internal or external rotation of an axis.
Pes Planus: Loss of the foot's normal arch.
Pes Cavus: Exaggerated arch of the foot.

Common Conditions of the Spine

Kyphosis: Excessive posterior curvature.
Lordosis: Excessive anterior curvature.
Scoliosis: Lateral bending of the spine.

Surgical Procedures

Orthosis: A brace or splint.
Osteotomy: Surgical bone cutting.
Arthroscopy: Minimally invasive joint examination.
Arthroplasty: Joint replacement procedures using prosthetics such as Austin Moore’s and Thompson’s prosthesis.
Arthrodesis: Fusion of joints.

Device and Technique Overview

Closed Reduction: Non-surgical realignment of bones.
Immobilization Techniques: U-shaped plaster, casts, braces, K-wires, plates and screws, dynamic hip screws, external fixators.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of orthopedics focusing on the articulation between bones. This quiz covers the types of fibrous joints, including sutures and syndesmotic joints, as well as primary and secondary cartilaginous joints. Test your knowledge on the structural characteristics of these essential connections in the human body.