Orthomyxoviridae

What does the name Orthomyxovirus mean?

How many genera are included in the Orthomyxoviridae family?

Match the genera to the virus associated with it:

Which genus contains tick-borne viruses that infect livestock and humans?

Which genus contains the infectious salmon anemia virus?

What is the genome structure of orthomyxoviruses?

The genome of orthomyxoviruses is segmented

Which of the following statements about morphology and genome type of Orthomyxoviruses is FALSE?

What makes influenza viruses sensitive to heat and acidic pH?

What are the two types of glycoprotein spikes for influenza A and B?

Influenza C lacks neuraminidase and has only two types of glycoprotein spikes

Isavirus has hemagglutinin esterase and F protein

The lipid envelop of influenza A viruses are derived from?

What key components are found in the envelope of the Influenza A virus?

The M1 matrix protein lies beneath the lipid layer of the Influenza A virus

What distinguishes genetic shift from genetic drift in orthomyxoviruses?

How are influenza viruses named?

How many hemaglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes of influenzas viruses are there, respectively ?

Match the transmission to the species associated with it

Isavirus may be transmitted in water, gills being the important route

Which virus was first identified as the cause of equine influenza in 1956?

Equine influenza viruses are the most important viral respiratory disease of horses

Equine influenza viruses have been reported worldwide in which animals?

What is the most common pathological effect of influenza virus replication in the respiratory tract?

Equine influenza virus replicates in the URT only

What are the common symptoms of a primary infection of equine influenza?

What are the symptoms associated with a secondary infection of equine influenza virus?

What are the clinical features of equine influenza virus?

What is the potential clinical manifestation of a pregnant mare who has a prolonged fever?

If there are no complications with equine influenza virus, the infection is self limiting and the animals who were infected remain infectious at least 5 days after clinical signs

Which of the following horses are at high risk of infection with equine influenza virus?

Equids are the ONLY source of equine influenza virus

What are the primary diagnostic methods for equine influenza?

How can equine influenza virus be detected in chicken embryos?

Which of the following prevention and control methods is FALSE?

Why are pigs considered a "mixing vessel" for influenza viruses?

Pigs possess both human (SAα2,6Gal) and avian (SAα2,3Gal) receptors

Which swine influenza virus subtype has been historically predominant in pigs?

What is the primary transmission route of swine influenza virus among pigs?

The swine influenza virus replicates in the lower respiratory tract

What is the primary route of transmission for swine influenza virus?

Which of the following pathological changes is associated with swine influenza virus infection in the lungs?

What is the typical incubation period for swine influenza virus in pigs?

What is a common clinical sign observed in pigs infected with swine influenza virus?

Under which of the following conditions is swine influenza virus infection typically non-fatal in pigs?

When is the optimal time frame for collecting samples to identify swine influenza virus after the onset of clinical signs?

Which type of sample is recommended for virus identification in diagnosing swine influenza?

Which of the following methods can be used to detect swine influenza virus?

What diagnostic assay detects type A influenza viruses?

If deep nasal swabs are collected from pigs suspected of having swine influenza, what is the next step in confirming the diagnosis according to the content?

What is the scientific basis for using embryonated chicken eggs to detect swine influenza virus?

What change in antibody titre between paired sera samples collected 10-21 days apart indicates a recent swine influenza virus infection using the Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test?

Why are molecular methods, like RT-PCR, valuable tools in diagnosing swine influenza?

Which group of pathogens are important to consider in the differential diagnosis of acute respiratory disease in pigs?

Why is cross-protection against new subtypes a major drawback of commercially available swine influenza vaccines?

What is the primary economic impact of swine influenza outbreaks on pig farming?

Considering the limitations of current swine influenza vaccines, what is a crucial aspect of effective control strategies?

Why is it important to collect paired sera samples 10-21 days apart when performing HI tests for swine influenza?

In the context of swine influenza diagnostics, what is the primary advantage of RT-PCR over serological tests like HI?

How does the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses impact the effectiveness of current vaccination strategies?

What would be the MOST appropriate next step after obtaining a positive RT-PCR result for swine influenza on a pig farm?

In what way does the ability of swine influenza virus to cause economic losses differ from diseases where therapeutic options are available?

How does the need for culling in swine influenza outbreaks DIRECTLY impact the economic viability of a pig farm?

What is the MOST important factor to consider when selecting a commercial vaccine for swine influenza in a particular region?

What aspect of swine influenza virus makes it particularly challenging to eradicate from a pig farm once an outbreak has occurred?

When was the infection in chickens referred to as 'fowl plague' first recognized?

Why are avian influenza viruses considered economically important?

What mortality rate defines an avian influenza virus as 'Notifiable AI (NAI)'?

How are avian influenza viruses categorized for international trade reasons?

What subtypes of influenza A virus are specifically used to define Notifiable AI (NAI)?

What is the overarching classification that includes Highly Pathogenic Notifiable Avian Influenza (HPNAI) and Low Pathogenicity Notifiable Avian Influenza (LPNAI)?

Where does the influenza virus replicate in birds?

What is the primary pathological outcome of viremia caused by avian influenza virus?

Which clinical feature is highly characteristic of chickens infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) within the first 48 hours?

What are the common clinical signs observed in poultry infected with Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (LPAI)?

Why is clinical diagnosis of avian influenza considered challenging?

What is the initial step in laboratory testing for avian influenza (AI) detection?

After a sample tests positive for the matrix protein (M) gene via RT-PCR, what is the subsequent step in avian influenza diagnosis?

Why is sequence analysis of the H gene performed after confirming the presence of H5 or H7 genes in avian influenza diagnosis?

For what specific purpose is virus isolation from cloacal swabs primarily used in the context of avian influenza diagnosis?

Which diagnostic assays are most commonly used for avian influenza detection?

What is the primary strategy for controlling avian influenza outbreaks?

What biosecurity measure is crucial in preventing the spread of avian influenza to poultry farms?

Why is vaccination not widely used to control Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in many developed countries?

What is the purpose of conducting sequence analysis of the H gene following a positive test for H5 or H7 genes?

If a diagnostic test for avian influenza is positive for H5, what is the next diagnostic step?

Bovine influenza is caused by bovine influenza B virus

Which of the following are clinical signs of bovine influenza?

Additional clinical signs of bovine influenza virus are coughing, sneezing and breathing difficulties

Sudden or unexplained deaths in bovine with bovine influenza are quite common