10 Questions
According to the ICD-11, the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder includes which of the following criteria?
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors
Leo Kanner initially conceived autism as a biological disorder, but later shifted to a psychodynamic understanding attributing the cause to:
Maladaptive parenting, e.g., 'fridge mothers'
The number of autism publications in 2016 was approximately how many times greater than in 2004?
10 times
According to the DSM-5 criteria, deficits in social-emotional reciprocity include:
Abnormal social approach and difficulty sustaining back and forth conversation
In autism diagnostic assessment, what should be included in the developmental history?
Focus on behavioral features consistent with ICD-10 DSM-IV criteria
What is a differential diagnosis in autism assessment?
Symptoms potentially explained by intellectual disability
According to NICE guidelines for autism assessment, what should be assessed through interaction and observation?
Social and communication skills and behaviors
What should be considered in the assessment for conditions that may coexist with autism?
Systematic assessment for conditions that may coexist with autism
How should autism be characterized according to the Neurodiversity perspective?
As a pattern of differences with advantages and disadvantages compared to neurotypical social norms
What must be present for a comorbid diagnosis in autism assessment?
Social communication below expected developmental level
Study Notes
- Leo Kanner, an American psychiatrist, first described autism in 1943, identifying four key attributes: autistic aloneness, desire for sameness, language problems, and islets of ability.
- Kanner initially believed autism was a biological disorder, but later shifted to a psychodynamic understanding, attributing it to maladaptive parenting.
- Since 1970, over 52,000 publications on autism have been published. In 2016, there were ten times more publications than in 2004.
- The ICD-11 defines autism spectrum disorder as persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, and repetitive, restricted patterns of behavior.
- Autism diagnosis is based on the presence of social communication and social interaction deficits, which are not better explained by intellectual disability or other conditions.
- Autistic individuals may display stereotyped or repetitive behaviors, insistence on sameness, inflexible routines, and abnormal intensity or focus on interests.
- The neurodiversity movement encourages thinking about autism as a pattern of differences rather than a deficit.
- The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend a thorough assessment for autism, including parent/carer concerns, developmental history, and medical history, followed by communication of assessment findings to the parent/carer and, if appropriate, the young person.
Test your knowledge about the origins of autism diagnosis and the evolution of understanding about the condition. Learn about Leo Kanner's early descriptions and changing theories about the aetiology of autism.
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