Origin and Expansion of Rajasthan

Origin of Rajasthan

• Rajasthan's origin is from two major land portions: Angara Land and Gondwana Land.
• These land portions were once part of Pangea.
• The Tethis Sea was the water portion between Angara Land and Gondwana Land.
• Gondwana Land parts developed before parts of the Tethis Sea.
• Aravalli and Hadoti are Gondwana Land samples in Rajasthan.
• Aravalli is the most ancient physical division in both Rajasthan and India.
• The Tethis Sea includes alluvial parts of Rajasthan like the Eastern Plains and Desert Plains.
• Rivers are actively forming the Eastern Plains.
• The Eastern Plains are the most recent physical divisions.
• Aravalli is the oldest mountain.
• The sequence of physical divisions from oldest to newest: Aravalli, Hadoti, Tethis Sea (Desert, Eastern Plains).
• Aravalli and Hadoti are part of the Peninsular Plateau region in Indian geographical physical divisions.
• Desert and Eastern Plains are part of the Northern Vast Plains.

Situation and Expansion

• Latitudinal extent: 23°03' N to 30°12' N.
• Longitudinal extent: 69°30' E to 78°17' E.
• Latitudinal values are measured from the south of the equator.
• The Equator is the reference point for latitude.
• Longitude is the reference point for time.
• Zero-degree longitude is called Greenwich Mean Time.
• Rajasthan is in the Eastern Hemisphere with longitudinal values in East.
• The distance between latitudinal lines is 826 km.
• The Tropic of Cancer passes through Rajasthan, specifically crossing the Banswara district.
• Longitudes indicate time.
• Each degree of longitude represents a 4-minute time difference.
• There is about a 35-minute difference between the eastern and western points of Rajasthan.
• The sun rises and sets earlier in the East compared to the West.

Extent

• Rajasthan occupies 10.41% of India's total area.
• Rajasthan's area is 342,239 square kilometers.
• Rajasthan has been ranked 1st in area since the Unification in 1956.
• This ranking was officially recorded from 2001.
• The largest districts in area are Jaisalmer, Bikaner, and Barmer.
• The smallest districts in area are Dholpur, Dausa, Dungarpur, and Pratapgarh.
• Dholpur's area is less than 1% of Rajasthan's total area.
• Jaisalmer's area is approximately 11.22% of Rajasthan's total area.
• Jaisalmer is 12.66 times bigger than Dholpur in terms of area.
• The shape of Rajasthan is a Rhombus.

Border

• Rajasthan's international border is the Radcliffe Line.
• The border determination occurred on August 15, 1947.
• The border was declared on August 17, 1947.
• 4 districts are located on the international border.
• Jaisalmer is the largest district on the international border.
• Shri Ganganagar is the smallest district on the international border.
• Bikaner has the smallest boundary on the international border.
• The border starts from Hindumal Kot in Ganganagar.
• The end point of the international border is Shahgarh or Baakasar.
• The length of the international border with Pakistan in Rajasthan is 1070 km.

Physical Divisions

• Key areas to study include physical divisions, minerals, energy resources, population, and industries.
• Desert area: 61.11%.
• Aravalli area: 9%.
• Eastern plains area: 23%.
• Hadoti area: 6.8%.
• Population distribution across different divisions should be examined relative to their percentages.

Population vs Density

• Population is higher in the desert, but density is higher in the plains.
• The desert is divided into Arid and Semi-Arid regions.
• Arid areas are mostly covered with sand dunes
• Hamada is rocky type desert areas without sand dunes.
• Sam, Pokhran, and Phalodi are popular tourist sites.
• Sam is specifically known for its sand dunes.
• Barkhan (crescent-shaped) dunes pose a risk to the desert.

Dunes

• Parabolic dunes are commonly found.
• Star-shaped dunes are commonly found near Jaisalmer, forming when winds from 3 directions meet.
• Longitudinal, transverse, and scrub dunes are also present.

Aravalli

• Focus is often on peaks, importance, and spread of the Aravalli Range.
• The spread is from South West to North East.
• The total distance is 692 km, with approximately 80% in Rajasthan, totaling an extent of 950 km.
• Height is the most famous characteristic of Aravalli.
• Three divisions are made: Northern, Middle, and Southern.
• Jaipur and Jhunjhunu (to the West) and Dausa (to the East) lie in the Northern region.
• Tonk is in the Middle portion alongside Ajmer.
• Udaipur, Rajsamand, and Pali are districts in the Southern part.
• Aravalli acts as a 50 cm rain divider.
• Questions may focus on the location of districts relative to the Aravalli and their corresponding rainfall volumes.
• Most rain occurs at South East.

Aravalli Plateaus

• Guru Shikhar is the highest point in the Aravalli region.
• Plateaus are present, particularly in Udaipur.
• The Bhorat plateau lies between Kumbhalgarh.
• Bhomat is near the Dungarpur area.

Mountains

• Kantas and Kankrad are near Alwar.
• Highest to lowest peak sequence: Guru Shikhar, Ser, Dilwara.
• Remembering the English versions of peak names is helpful.
• Famous phrase: "Guru se dil se, Jara Aachha Lagta hai, Kumbha Raghunath Rishi ka Sarjan Moram Ji" can be used to memorize the sequence.
• Bhakar region for mountains is famous in Sirohi.

Plains

• Eastern plains are formed by river sedimentation.
• The Mahi River contributes to the Vagar region (Banswara, Pratapgarh area) with red loamy soil.
• This area is well-suited for growing corn and rice.

Chambal Rivers

• Chambal rivers create land with potholes due to high water flow.
• The soil is mixed with Red and black types.
• Chambal has soil with a higher pH value.

Plains

• The Banas River plain is historically significant due to the Mewar region being in its basin.
• The southern part also creates malpura.
• The Luni River is smaller than the Banas.

Climate

• The climate of Rajasthan is subtropical.
• Climate is divided into 5 categories generally, but into 4 based on individuals like Koppen.

Koppen’s Categories

• The equator is zone zero.
• The letter B indicates desert (high evaporation/ dry).
• BW represents a dry desert.
• BS represents a desert with slightly higher humidity.
• The letter C represents the Ganga basin, indicating more water resources.
• Cwag indicates winter-dried conditions.

Thirmwate

• Uses AE instead of Koppen’s ABC (Koppen uses BW and BS for desert, while Thirmwate uses E).
• Higher temperatures are indicated with an apostrophe (').
• 'I' indicates no temperature problem (similar to glaciers, representing the nearby Himalayas).
• Hot summers are indicated with 's'.
• 'c' indicates more rain.
• Banswara gets more rain among the 4 corners of Rajasthan.

Desert vs Temperature

• Summer: Solar radiation directly hits, resulting in heat flow.

Types Of Heat

• Convection flow occurs with high pressure on one side and low pressure on the other.
• Advection happens when heat flows horizontally.
• Winds exist because of advection.

Rain

• Rajasthan receives rain mainly from the South-West Monsoon.
• This results in high rainfall in Hadoti and low rainfall in the desert.

ISO Line vs Actual Rain

• Average Rainfall is 575 mm.
• Average Monsoon rain is 53 cm.
• ISO lines act as a divide point with the ISO value in CM.

West Disturbances

• Originate from near bhu madhya (Mediterranean).
• Travel via jet streams.
• Contribute to rainfall around the Himalayas.
• Rajasthan can receive rain up to Ganganagar near Hanumangarh if a strong storm forms.

Season

• The range of temperature difference is low in Sharad or Autumn season (Oct-Nov).
• It's important to study the reasons and origins of rainfall and related aspects of this topic.

Rivers

• Ara Sagar rivers:
  • Luni
  • Mahi
  • West Banas
  • Sabarmati
  • Origin and supporting rivers must be known
  • Chamabal, Banas must be known details.
  • Locations need to be studied.
  • Jhorad rivers support the Shekhawati River.
  • The soil type each river flows through is essential knowledge: Luni (Brownish Soil), Mahi (Red, sticky Soil).

Canal

• Dams on the Chambal River: Gandhi (In MP), Rana sagar, Jawahar, and Kota Barrage should be studied.
  • These are in collaboration with MP.
  • Mahi River dams are mostly in Gujrat, and collaboration is primarily with Gujrat.

India's Canel

• Bhakra Nangal is India’s Biggest canal.
  • Knowing its advantages is important.
    • It originates from the Bias River, and Rajiv Gandhi was involved in that project.

New Canels

• Renuka and lakhar projects in HP feed into the Yamuna.
  • These projects often involve a common state for passage.
    • National Projects often include a state along with Delhi.

Canal

• All big lakes have water connections from the Satluj.
  • Canal paths and water sources from each canal with need to be reviewed according to direction.

Laithi river

• It is near Jaisalmer and good for grazing.

Dams

• Links between dams and rivers should be known.
  • What division is it connecting to needs to be referenced.

Traditional vs Modern waterHarvesting

• Traditional methods:
  • Nadi
  • Jodah
  • River

Jod

• Rajender Singh is key for river connectivity and sustainability.
• Talaiya (pond) has low average but is more sustainable for average rain in villages.

Aravalli stones

• Built from Vindhya mountains.
  • Contains sandstone along with lime
  • Granite is not a part of it.

Land

• Alluvial black or red types should be checked.

Rain volume by District

• Jaisalmer
  • Then District in Udaipur
  • Patterned need remembered.

Minerals

• Rajasthan has a high number and variety of minerals.
  • Type and what high production or storage is high should be noted
  • The geological origins of stones and mountains in Rajasthan should be considered.
    • Local and ancient names for minerals should be noted.

Production

• Rajasthan produces 20% of India's minerals and is ranked number one.
• Identifying the minerals used in rocks can help narrow down potential options.

Key

• Check the rocks and their origins for each mineral.

Mining of Minerals

• Consider the area and the mining company or government entity involved.
• Alwar has copper - Khodriba, colony near neem ka thaa, with khetri is mining zones

Stone

• For gold-like items, locations and nearby districts are helpful to identify.

Jata

• For power resources like power storage, gas, etc.

Rock Names

• Rajpura, ribawa often stone after A village

Distric

• Sirohi is significant for beryl and other minerals.
  • Ownership and specific mines need to be researched.

Water conservation

• Relate to ancient and historical contexts.

Distal Area

• Connect local names with area.
  • Bawari is famous in Jaisalmer.

Rain conservation

• The attributes of stones used in conservation.

Soils

• Note the source.
  • Types from the agricultural department should be reviewed.

Climate

• Areas with similar climates should be identified.

Types

• If something has and area and more around area and very little in distance that means it has high chance of winning
• Logic based on each guess helps.

Important to remember- soil

• All type is in detail,
• Must know soil sides and types and relation to what you know by heart.

Soils Important points to Remember :

• Soil types and qualities, related to river flow, can help connect information and solve questions. - Jaisalmer and Bikaner have less soil quality compared to other districts.

More to cover is -

A lot about relation to soil with land of Rajasthan,

• You must remember that if you know soil type with land type it will benefit for long run
• A lot of questions has come from those mix match over the centuries
• All protection and technique and you must be updated
• Government related program is good.

Government plan has been

• Objective and key resources and what are the new and recent and recent resources are must.

Government Policy

• Focused implement year is a must

In all important point is-

• Must note these points because if you connect these well this could mean you will pass with flying colours.

Conservation reward

• Amrita Devi reward
• Comes every single year but not always given so must notice,

In bio sector+ parks:

• Know what is related to bio sectors so you may be able answer question

New park

• Recognise the area relate new and don't waste time on question you don't know

All topic have

• You must have all topic for what region what land and all related information

Wildlife

• Important; Which state for protection act so must memorize it.
  • Government what conservation is doing and must known the project

Tourist

• Government part department must be ready for all tourist option.
• Tourist is an important topic do not skip this

circuits

• Different ways of circuits happens.
• Government tourist circuits and private tourist circuits is very different and their circuit and area
• Need known circuits to not fall under trapping for this part.

Most Tourist in our area come from-

• Gujrat and Europe for visiting .

Tourist side,

- Increased or decreased needs to be known.

• Important slogans matters
  • Important sectors review is need must memorize.

Minerals

• Check the agriculture based.

Important

• 38% of area is GDP in Tourist
• Connect with year those easily.