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Questions and Answers
What does Social-learning Theory emphasize as a factor in learning?
What does Social-learning Theory emphasize as a factor in learning?
According to Equity Theory, what action might an employee take if they perceive inequity?
According to Equity Theory, what action might an employee take if they perceive inequity?
How is organizational justice defined?
How is organizational justice defined?
What are the components of organizational justice?
What are the components of organizational justice?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the six choices an employee can make when perceiving inequity according to Equity Theory?
Which of the following is NOT one of the six choices an employee can make when perceiving inequity according to Equity Theory?
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What characterizes Management by Objectives (MBO)?
What characterizes Management by Objectives (MBO)?
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What potential issue arises when money is linked to goal attainment?
What potential issue arises when money is linked to goal attainment?
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Which theory asserts that an individual’s belief in their capabilities affects their motivation?
Which theory asserts that an individual’s belief in their capabilities affects their motivation?
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Which method is NOT one of the four ways to increase self-efficacy?
Which method is NOT one of the four ways to increase self-efficacy?
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What is a primary focus of Equity Theory?
What is a primary focus of Equity Theory?
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How do goal-setting theory and self-efficacy theory relate to one another?
How do goal-setting theory and self-efficacy theory relate to one another?
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What can be a consequence of improper goal-setting?
What can be a consequence of improper goal-setting?
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Which of the following strategies involves gaining experience by actually performing a task?
Which of the following strategies involves gaining experience by actually performing a task?
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Which type of goals is most effective in increasing performance according to motivational theories?
Which type of goals is most effective in increasing performance according to motivational theories?
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What does feedback do to performance according to contemporary theories of motivation?
What does feedback do to performance according to contemporary theories of motivation?
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What does Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggest about extrinsic rewards?
What does Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggest about extrinsic rewards?
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What is self-concordance primarily related to?
What is self-concordance primarily related to?
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Which characteristic of goals seems to affect performance more strongly?
Which characteristic of goals seems to affect performance more strongly?
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In collectivistic cultures, what type of goals may be more motivating?
In collectivistic cultures, what type of goals may be more motivating?
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Which example best illustrates a situation where intrinsic motivation might suffer?
Which example best illustrates a situation where intrinsic motivation might suffer?
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What is a definition of promotion focus in self-regulation strategies?
What is a definition of promotion focus in self-regulation strategies?
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According to Goal-Setting Theory, which factor is essential for increased performance?
According to Goal-Setting Theory, which factor is essential for increased performance?
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In the context of motivation, what role does feedback play?
In the context of motivation, what role does feedback play?
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What assumption does goal-setting theory make about an individual?
What assumption does goal-setting theory make about an individual?
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What is prevention focus in the context of self-regulation?
What is prevention focus in the context of self-regulation?
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What might encourage an individual to perform an undesired task out of personal value alignment?
What might encourage an individual to perform an undesired task out of personal value alignment?
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Which scenario best represents a potential challenge in motivating employees?
Which scenario best represents a potential challenge in motivating employees?
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Why might mixed evidence exist regarding whether individuals try harder when setting their own goals?
Why might mixed evidence exist regarding whether individuals try harder when setting their own goals?
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What is the primary focus of Goal-Setting Theory?
What is the primary focus of Goal-Setting Theory?
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What does the term 'intensity' refer to in the context of motivation?
What does the term 'intensity' refer to in the context of motivation?
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What is a key aspect of persistence in the motivation process?
What is a key aspect of persistence in the motivation process?
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Self-Determination Theory primarily addresses which aspects of motivation?
Self-Determination Theory primarily addresses which aspects of motivation?
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Which contemporary theory of motivation emphasizes goal achievement?
Which contemporary theory of motivation emphasizes goal achievement?
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Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding motivation levels?
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding motivation levels?
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In motivational terms, what does 'effort' being channeled in a direction refer to?
In motivational terms, what does 'effort' being channeled in a direction refer to?
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What best characterizes contemporary theories of motivation?
What best characterizes contemporary theories of motivation?
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What might a student who struggles to read a textbook for 20 minutes show in terms of motivation?
What might a student who struggles to read a textbook for 20 minutes show in terms of motivation?
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What primarily determines the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way according to Expectancy Theory?
What primarily determines the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way according to Expectancy Theory?
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Which relationship is NOT a focus of Expectancy Theory?
Which relationship is NOT a focus of Expectancy Theory?
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According to Expectancy Theory, how does one’s expectation of the outcome influence their motivation?
According to Expectancy Theory, how does one’s expectation of the outcome influence their motivation?
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What theory suggests that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others?
What theory suggests that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others?
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Which of the following statements best describes the focus of Goal-Setting Theory?
Which of the following statements best describes the focus of Goal-Setting Theory?
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In Expectancy Theory, which aspect is seen as essential alongside the expectation of an outcome?
In Expectancy Theory, which aspect is seen as essential alongside the expectation of an outcome?
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Which theory is concerned with the effects of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation?
Which theory is concerned with the effects of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation?
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Which aspect is part of organizational justice?
Which aspect is part of organizational justice?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course name: BMGT340 - Organizational Behavior
- Chapter: 7 Basic Motivation
- Fall 2024-2025
Learning Objectives
- Objective 7.1: Motivation
- Objective 7.3: Contemporary theories of motivation
- Objective 7.4: Other contemporary theories of motivation
Motivation
- Motivation: The processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
- Intensity: describes how hard a person tries. Effort is channeled in a direction that yields benefits.
- Persistence: measures how long a person can maintain effort.
- Example: A student struggles with a textbook but can read a Harry Potter book in a day because of different situations that affect motivation.
Objective 7.3 Contemporary Theories of Motivation
- Self-Determination Theory (SDT): A theory of motivation concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation. Individuals prefer to feel control over actions. Anything making a task feel obligatory rather than chosen undermines motivation.
- Self-concordance: The degree to which people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.
- Example: A child playing with toys for enjoyment, or quitting smoking because you value living a longer life with your children.
- Example: If a computer programmer values writing code because they like solving problems, a bonus for writing a certain number of lines daily may feel coercive, hurting their intrinsic motivation.
Goal-Setting Theory
- A theory that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.
- Difficulty and Feedback Dimensions: Evidence suggests specific goals increase performance. Difficult goals produce higher performance than easy goals. Feedback leads to higher performance.
- Goal Commitment, Task, and National Culture Factors:
- Goal Commitment: Goal-setting theory assumes an individual is committed to the goal and determined not to lower or abandon it.
- Task Characteristics: Goals affect performance more strongly when tasks are simple, well-learned and independent, and on the achievable high end.
- National Characteristics: Goals may have different effects in different cultures. In collectivist and high power-distance cultures, achievable moderate goals can be more motivating than difficult ones.
- Individual and Promotion FOCI
- Promotion Focus: A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment.
- Prevention Focus: A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations.
- Goal-Setting Implementation: This is how goals are implemented in an organization, e.g., overall organizational objectives, division-specific components
- Goal-Setting and Ethics: The link between goal setting and ethics is complex. When money is tied to goal attainment, people may compromise ethical behaviour. However, by thinking about the implications of work or time use, individuals may act ethically.
Objective 7.4 Other Contemporary Theories of Motivation
- Self-Efficacy Theory (also known as Social Cognitive Theory or Social Learning Theory): An individual's belief that they are capable of performing a task. Self-efficacy theory and goal-setting theory complement each other.
- Increasing Self-Efficacy:
- Enactive Mastery: Gaining relevant experience.
- Vicarious Modeling: Becoming confident by observing others.
- Verbal Persuasion: Confidence boosted by encouragement.
- Arousal: Enthusiasm and energy leading to better performance.
- Influencing Self-Efficacy in Others: Pygmalion effect: believing something can make it true (e.g., teachers believing students are smart impacting their performance).
- Reinforcement Theory: Behaviour is a function of its consequences.
- Operant Conditioning: People learn to behave in certain ways to get something they want or avoid something they don't want.
Equity Theory/Organizational Justice
- Equity Theory: Individuals compare job inputs and outcomes with others, responding to eliminate inequities. Based on this theory, employees who see inequity choose from six options:
- Change inputs.
- Change outcomes.
- Distort perceptions of self.
- Distort perceptions of others.
- Choose a different referent.
- Leave the field.
- Organizational Justice: The overall perception of fairness in the workplace, comprising distributive justice, procedural justice, informational justice, and interpersonal justice
- Distributive Justice: Perceived fairness of amount and allocation of rewards.
- Procedural Justice: Fairness of processes used to determine reward distribution.
- Informational Justice: Truthful explanations for decisions.
- Interpersonal Justice: Dignity and respect in treatment.
Expectancy Theory
- A theory that the strength of a tendency to act depends on the expectation that the act will result in an outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome.
- The theory focuses on three relationships:
- Effort-performance relationship
- Performance-reward relationship
- Rewards-personal goals relationship
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Description
Test your understanding of Social-learning Theory and Equity Theory in the context of organizational behavior. This quiz covers the key components of organizational justice and the actions employees may take when perceiving inequity. Challenge your knowledge and deepen your insights into these essential topics!
