Organización General de los Organismos

General Organization of Organisms

• Living organisms can be unicellular or multicellular, with multicellular organisms being more complex structurally.
• Fundamental structural levels include:
  • Chemical level: basic structures forming cells (atoms and molecules), no vital functions.
  • Cellular level: basic unit of life, carries out vital functions like reproduction, relationship, and nutrition.
  • Tissue level: association of cells, carries out specialized functions.
  • Organ level: various tissue associations, performing complex functions.
  • Systems and apparatuses (organism):
    • Systems: collections of similar organs working independently, for a specific function (9 systems).
    • Apparatuses: collections of different organs working together (6 apparatuses).

Cell Structure

• Cells are the structural and functional units of living things.
• They carry out vital functions (nutrition, relationship, reproduction).
• Cells can be:
  • Prokaryotic: lack a defined nucleus, genetic material (DNA) is free in the cytoplasm.
  • Examples of prokaryotic cells are bacteria.
    • Size range is between 1 and 10 micrometers.
  • Eukaryotic: possess a well-defined nucleus, genetic material (DNA) enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
• All cells share common structures: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA).

Cell Types and Structure

• Eukaryotic cells have various organelles in their cytoplasm:
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus: site of ribosome production
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):
    • Rough ER: ribosomes attached, protein synthesis.
    • Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification.
  • Golgi apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
  • Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration.
  • Lysosomes: break down cellular waste.
  • Vacuoles: storage compartments.
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane
• Cell structures vary depending on cell type (e.g., plant cells, animal cells).

Cell Function: Nutrition

• Nutrition is how organisms procure and use nutrients for survival.
• Cells intake nutrients in various ways:
  • Passive transport: movement of substances across the membrane without energy input (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, ultrafiltration).
  • Active transport: movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

Cell Function: Reproduction

• Reproduction is the process by which organisms create new individuals.
• Mitosis: cell division, producing two identical daughter cells.
  • Phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.
• Meiosis: cell division involved in sexual reproduction, producing daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes.

Cell Function: Relationship

• Relationship, also known as "reception and response" in cells refers to how cells react to stimuli.
• Cells receive stimuli from the environment either internally or externally.
• Cells respond to stimuli using several mechanisms that help them survive, and function properly in their environment.
• Communication, between cells, allows them to work together in a coordinated manner.

Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands.
  • Classification by layering (simple, stratified, pseudostratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).
  • Function: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion.
• Connective tissue: Supports, connects, and separates different tissues and organs in the body.
  • Classification: Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood.
  • Function: support, protection, insulation, transportation.
• Muscle tissue: Contractile tissue, responsible for movement.
  • Classification: Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.
  • Function: movement, support, heat production
• Nervous tissue: Processes information and coordinates body functions.
  • Classification: Neurons, neuroglia.
  • Function: communication, control, coordination

Human Body Organization

• Human Organs: Specific configurations of tissues that provide a particular function.
  • Examples: heart, lungs, brain, kidney, skin, liver
• Systems: Groups of organs that work together to perform a major function.
  • Examples: digestive system, circulatory system, nervous system, etc.
• Organs systems are comprised of groups of organs working collaboratively to fulfill a specific function.

Human Body Planes, Regions, and Cavities

• Body Planes: Imaginary lines used to section the body for description purposes.
  • (Frontal, sagittal, transverse)
• Body Regions: Divisions of the body for clinical and anatomical descriptions.
• Body Cavities: Internal spaces that enclose vital organs.
  • (Dorsal cavity, ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominal cavities)

Blood Composition (Tissue Type)

• Blood: Specialized connective tissue. Fluid matrix (plasma), cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
  • Function: transportation, immunity, blood clotting.

Blood Types

• Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cell surfaces.
  • ABO system (A, B, AB, O) and Rh factor (positive or negative)
• Blood typing is crucial for transfusions and diagnosing diseases like blood disorders.

Explora la organización y estructura de los organismos vivos, desde el nivel químico hasta los sistemas y aparatos. Este cuestionario abarca tanto la teoría sobre las células como sus funciones esenciales. Es una herramienta perfecta para estudiantes que desean comprender mejor la biología de los organismos.