Organisational Culture: Key Concepts
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Questions and Answers

According to Schein, which element of organizational culture is considered the foundation from which other elements emerge?

  • Rules
  • Values
  • Behaviours
  • Basic assumptions (correct)
  • Organizational culture is static and rarely changes over time.

    False (B)

    Provide an example of how a group's responses to internal and external challenges can shape their organizational culture.

    The rise of remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a shift in organizational culture, with many companies adopting virtual collaboration tools and flexible work arrangements.

    Newcomers to an organization learn the existing ______ and ______ through a process of socialization.

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    What aspect of culture does Schein emphasize as being shaped by a group's responses to challenges?

    <p>Emergent processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basic assumptions within an organization can be easily altered according to the preferences of its members.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do newcomers learn through the process of socialization within an organization?

    <p>Existing cultural assumptions and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schein defines culture as a set of basic ______ that are enduring and not easily changed.

    <p>assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements of organizational culture with their descriptions:

    <p>Basic assumptions = Core beliefs that are hard to change Values = Principles that guide actions Artefacts = Visible elements of culture Socialization = Process of learning cultural values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key component of a 'strong culture' according to Deal and Kennedy?

    <p>Organizational Structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of organizational culture was initially met with skepticism from both academics and practitioners.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two ways of thinking about culture in an organization?

    <p>Culture as something an organization has and culture as something an organization is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deal and Kennedy's concept of 'strong cultures' emphasizes the importance of ______ for achieving business success.

    <p>cultural values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each organizational culture concept with its corresponding example:

    <p>Values = Innovation and stability Heroes = Steve Jobs at Apple Rites and Rituals = A company's annual award ceremony Cultural network = Informal communication channels and social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peters and Waterman identified "themes" that characterized the cultures of "excellent" companies by studying a small number of companies.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between Deal and Kennedy's 'strong cultures' and Peters and Waterman's 'excellent cultures.'

    <p>Deal and Kennedy focused on the four key components of a strong culture, emphasizing how a strong culture can enhance business success. Peters and Waterman researched 'excellent' companies and identified themes prevalent in their cultures, aiming to identify traits of high-performing organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of organisational culture does Peters and Waterman focus on?

    <p>Bias for action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisational culture is solely a fixed entity that remains unchanged over time.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the author of a key model that helps understand organisational culture?

    <p>Edgar Schein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisational culture is created through the interaction of ________ members.

    <p>organisational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scholars with their contributions to the study of organisational culture:

    <p>Beyer and Trice = Rites as cultural indicators Quinn and McGrath = Role of values and beliefs Boje and Meyer = Stories as cultural reflections Martin = Fragmentation perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cultural performances as defined in the content?

    <p>Predictable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All members of an organisation share a uniform culture.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'markers' refer to in the context of organisational culture?

    <p>Indicators of culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ perspective highlights the ambiguity and complexity of organisational cultures.

    <p>fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural indicator focuses on the stories told within an organisation?

    <p>Stories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pacanowsky and O'Donnell-Trijillo, culture is best understood through communication processes.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the study of subcultures within an organisation reveal?

    <p>Differences in power and interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schein defines culture as a pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved problems of ________ and ________.

    <p>external adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the coexistence of different cultures within an organization?

    <p>Multiculturalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary failure of earlier prescriptive works on organisational culture?

    <p>Oversimplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Rites = Cultural indicators Values = Core beliefs of an organization Stories = Cultural narratives told by members Metaphors = Symbolic representations within culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Organisational Culture

    The shared assumptions, values, behaviours, and artifacts in an organization.

    Culture as possession

    The idea that organizations can adopt a specific culture that influences their success.

    Culture as identity

    Conceptualizes culture as the core essence of what an organization represents.

    Strong Culture

    A culture that enhances business success and individual performance.

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    Key components of strong culture

    Values, Heroes, Rites & Rituals, and Cultural networks are essential for building a strong culture.

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    Values

    Beliefs and visions shared by members of an organization.

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    Heroes in culture

    Individuals who exemplify and embody the values of an organization.

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    Excellent Cultures

    Aspects of culture identified in high-performing companies through research.

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    Basic Assumptions

    Deeply embedded beliefs that influence the behavior within an organization.

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    Emergent Process

    The ongoing development of culture influenced by group interactions and challenges.

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    Cultural Socialization

    The process through which newcomers learn and adapt to an organization's culture.

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    Cultural Evolution

    The change in organizational culture driven by interactions and new group members.

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    Intangible Aspects

    Non-physical elements like values and beliefs that shape organizational culture.

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    Prescriptive vs. Descriptive

    Prescriptive focuses on what should be done, while descriptive explains how things are.

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    Shared Culture Myth

    The belief that all members share the same culture, ignoring cultural complexities.

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    Cultural Markers

    Indicators that signify the culture within an organization, such as rites, ceremonies, and communication styles.

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    Emergent Culture

    The idea that culture is created through the interaction of organizational members.

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    Cultural Performances

    Communication processes that manifest culture through social interactions.

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    Subcultures

    Distinct cultural groups within an organization that can coexist or conflict.

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    Fragmentation Perspective

    The view that organizational culture is often ambiguous and composed of multiple realities.

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    Schein’s Definition of Culture

    A pattern of shared assumptions that helps groups solve external and internal problems.

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    Communication as Culture

    The concept that communication not only transmits culture but creates it.

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    Power Dynamics in Culture

    Differences in power and interests represented by various organizational subcultures.

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    Performative Nature of Culture

    Culture is representative of interactions that are contextual, episodic, and improvisational.

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    Customer-Centric Values

    Prioritizing customer needs as a vital organizational value for success.

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    Bias for Action

    The principle promoted by Peters and Waterman that encourages proactive behavior in organizations.

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    Study Notes

    Organisational Culture: Key Concepts

    • Organisations are viewed as cultures, drawing from anthropological perspectives. Each organisation has unique ways of operating and communicating.
    • Culture can be viewed as both something an organisation has (a specific type that can impact success) and something an organisation is (an intrinsic aspect).
    • Schein's model defines culture as shared assumptions, values, behaviors, and artifacts, developed as organisations adapt.

    Prescriptive Views of Culture

    • The "culture" metaphor resonated with both academics and practitioners. It viewed organisations as arenas of stories and values, not just rational institutions.
    • Culture became a commonplace topic of discussion.

    Strong Cultures (Deal & Kennedy)

    • Strong cultures can boost business success.
    • Key elements of a strong culture include:
      • Values: Beliefs and visions held by members (e.g., innovation, stability).
      • Heroes: Individuals embodying values (e.g., Steve Jobs at Apple).
      • Rites and Rituals: Ceremonies celebrating values.
      • Cultural Network: Communication system reinforcing values.

    Excellent Cultures (Peters & Waterman)

    • Peters and Waterman studied highly successful companies to identify cultural themes.
    • Their work influenced organizational practices by emphasizing intangible aspects like values and heroes.
    • However, their prescriptive approach to management was criticized for oversimplifying culture and assuming a shared, fixed culture.

    Organisational Cultures are Complicated

    • Organizational culture is multifaceted, with various "markers" for study.
    • Examples include rites (renewal, passage), ceremonies, values/beliefs, employee metaphors, stories, informal conversations.
    • Scholars may examine individual markers or their interactions.

    Organisational Cultures are Emergent

    • Cultures are socially created through member interactions.
    • Communication is both a product and a producer of culture.
    • Communication processes are best understood as performances that are interactive, contextual, episodic, and improvisational.

    Organisational Cultures are Not Unitary

    • Organisations have multiple, coexisting subcultures.
    • Subcultures may emerge from different areas, hierarchical levels, or personal networks. These subcultures can reflect different interests and power dynamics.

    Organisational Cultures are Often Ambiguous

    • Organisational culture is often fragmented and ambiguous.
    • Understanding culture is complex in today's fast-paced world.
    • Multiple realities and varied cultural interpretations are common.

    Schein's Model of Organisational Culture

    • Edgar Schein's model offers a framework for understanding organizational culture.
    • Culture is defined as a pattern of shared basic assumptions learned through problem-solving.
    • Culture is collective, not individual and manifests at different scales.
    • Culture fulfills a human need for stability and meaning, promoting integration.

    Schein's Model Continued

    • Culture is enduring and often unconscious to members.
    • It comprises values, behaviours, rules, and artifacts (visible), with basic assumptions as the foundation.
    • Culture emerges from group responses to internal and external challenges (shaped by experience).
    • Culture socializes newcomers, while newcomers also influence the culture.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of organisational culture, examining how organizations operate as unique cultures and the impact of Schein's model. This quiz will help you understand the prescriptive views of culture and the significance of strong cultures in enhancing business success.

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