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Questions and Answers
What is the primary building block of carbohydrates?
What is the primary building block of carbohydrates?
- Nucleotides
- Monosaccharides (correct)
- Amino acids
- Fatty acids
Which of the following is a type of disaccharide?
Which of the following is a type of disaccharide?
- Maltose (correct)
- Starch
- Fructose
- Glycogen
Which type of carbohydrate consists of three or more monosaccharides?
Which type of carbohydrate consists of three or more monosaccharides?
- Monosaccharide
- Polysaccharide (correct)
- Disaccharide
- Oligosaccharide
What is the characteristic ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
What is the characteristic ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
What term describes the reaction that forms disaccharides from monosaccharides?
What term describes the reaction that forms disaccharides from monosaccharides?
What is formed when glucose and galactose combine?
What is formed when glucose and galactose combine?
Which disaccharide is commonly referred to as table sugar?
Which disaccharide is commonly referred to as table sugar?
Which type of compound is primarily characterized by the presence of carbon-hydrogen bonds?
Which type of compound is primarily characterized by the presence of carbon-hydrogen bonds?
What is a key distinction between monomers and polymers?
What is a key distinction between monomers and polymers?
Which of the following represents a storage polysaccharide?
Which of the following represents a storage polysaccharide?
What type of reaction is responsible for the formation of disaccharides from monosaccharides?
What type of reaction is responsible for the formation of disaccharides from monosaccharides?
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for energy release through breakdown during catabolism?
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for energy release through breakdown during catabolism?
Which sugar is primarily found in milk?
Which sugar is primarily found in milk?
What role does anabolism play in the body?
What role does anabolism play in the body?
What type of carbohydrate is cellulose classified as?
What type of carbohydrate is cellulose classified as?
Which of the following substances is an inorganic compound?
Which of the following substances is an inorganic compound?
Why is carbon often referred to as a special element in biology?
Why is carbon often referred to as a special element in biology?
What is NOT a product of combining two monosaccharides?
What is NOT a product of combining two monosaccharides?
Which process is NOT part of catabolism?
Which process is NOT part of catabolism?
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
What is an example of an anabolic reaction?
What is an example of an anabolic reaction?
What is the primary function of lipids in the human body?
What is the primary function of lipids in the human body?
Which of the following components forms the monomer of lipids?
Which of the following components forms the monomer of lipids?
What differentiates saturated fats from unsaturated fats?
What differentiates saturated fats from unsaturated fats?
Which type of lipid is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of cell membranes?
Which type of lipid is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of cell membranes?
Which of these is a common source of saturated fats?
Which of these is a common source of saturated fats?
What is the structural characteristic of steroids?
What is the structural characteristic of steroids?
Which type of fatty acid is mostly known as oils?
Which type of fatty acid is mostly known as oils?
What potential health issue is associated with high consumption of saturated fats?
What potential health issue is associated with high consumption of saturated fats?
What is the effect of hardened cholesterol in blood vessels?
What is the effect of hardened cholesterol in blood vessels?
Which type of lipoprotein is considered 'good' cholesterol?
Which type of lipoprotein is considered 'good' cholesterol?
Which hormone is primarily associated with the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Which hormone is primarily associated with the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
What happens to excess sugars in the body if not utilized?
What happens to excess sugars in the body if not utilized?
Which type of lipid is described as having waterproofing functions in nature?
Which type of lipid is described as having waterproofing functions in nature?
What is a primary function of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)?
What is a primary function of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)?
What are steroids primarily formed from in the body?
What are steroids primarily formed from in the body?
Which group of hormones controls the ovulation cycle?
Which group of hormones controls the ovulation cycle?
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Study Notes
Differentiation of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Organic compounds contain carbon, while most inorganic compounds do not.
- Most organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
Examples of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic: Salt (NaCl), Water (H2O), Muriatic Acid (HCl)
- Organic: Sugar (C6H12O6), Linoleic Acid (C18H32O2), DNA, Alanine (C3H7NO2)
Importance of Carbon
- Carbon can bond to four other atoms due to its four valence electrons.
- This allows for the formation of a vast array of diverse molecules.
Types of Biomolecules
- Major categories: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids.
Polymers vs. Monomers
- Polymers are long molecules made of similar or identical building blocks (monomers) linked by covalent bonds.
Metabolism
- Metabolism consists of chemical reactions that convert food into energy.
- Catabolism: Breaks down biomolecules to release energy.
- Anabolism: Uses energy to synthesize complex biomolecules.
Major Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide building blocks; function as energy storage.
- Proteins: Composed of amino acids; essential for cell structure and function.
- Lipids: Made of glycerol and fatty acids; long-term energy storage and cell membrane structure.
- Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides; carry genetic information.
Carbohydrates
- Most abundant organic compounds; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
- Monomer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose).
- Polymer: Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).
Types of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose).
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides (e.g., maltose, lactose, sucrose).
- Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).
Formation of Disaccharides
- Condensation reaction links monosaccharides.
- Examples:
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
- Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
- Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Polysaccharides
- Formed from chains or branches of monosaccharides.
- Storage examples: Starch and Glycogen.
- Structural examples: Cellulose and Chitin.
Lipids
- Composed mainly of hydrocarbons; insoluble in water.
- Function: Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure.
- Types include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Types of Fatty Acids
- Saturated fats: Single bonds in the fatty acid chain; typically solid at room temperature.
- Unsaturated fats: One or more double bonds; commonly liquid (e.g., oils).
Types of Lipids
- Triglycerides: Glycerol + three fatty acids; primary energy source.
- Phospholipids: Essential for cell membrane structure.
- Steroids: Composed of fused carbon rings; regulate metabolism and immune response.
Cholesterol and Health
- Cholesterol can harden in blood vessels, contributing to atherosclerosis.
- Lipoproteins:
- High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): Good cholesterol, removes excess.
- Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): Bad cholesterol, associated with health risks.
Hormones Related to Lipids
- Sex Hormones: Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen; regulate reproductive functions.
- Adrenocorticoid Hormones: Include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, important in stress response.
Summary Points
- Balance lipid intake; excess sugars are converted to fats.
- Awareness of the body’s fat storage is crucial, especially without physical activity.
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