Organic Reactions in Chemistry

A chemical reaction where a carboxylic acid is reacted with bromine in the presence of red phosphorus to form an α-bromoacid. It's a useful method for introducing a bromine atom at the alpha position of a carboxylic acid.

A reaction where an amine is reacted with bromine and a strong base (NaOH) to produce a primary amine with one less carbon atom. It's a useful method for decreasing the carbon chain length in a molecule.

A reaction where an aromatic compound reacts with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of a catalyst (like AlCl₃) to produce an aromatic aldehyde. It's a method for introducing a formyl group (CHO) to an aromatic ring.

A reaction where an aldehyde or ketone reacts with itself in the presence of a base to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone. It's a significant reaction in organic synthesis, used to form new carbon-carbon bonds.

A reaction where an aromatic compound reacts with an alkyl halide in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst (like AlCl₃) to produce an alkylated aromatic compound. It's a fundamental reaction for introducing alkyl groups to aromatic rings.

A chemical reaction that involves the reaction of an aromatic compound with an acyl halide in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst (like AlCl₃) to yield an acylated aromatic compound. It's crucial for attaching acyl groups (R-CO-) onto aromatic rings.

A reaction where a ketone is reacted with hydrogen (H₂) in the presence of a catalyst (like Pd/C) to produce an alcohol. It's a common method for reducing ketones to alcohols.

A reaction where a ketone is reacted with sodium amalgam (Na(Hg)) and water (H₂O) to produce an alcohol. It's an alternative method for reducing ketones, particularly useful for more sensitive ketones.

A reaction where an alkyl halide (RX) is reacted with sodium in a solvent to produce a new alkane (R-R). It's a method for coupling two alkyl fragments together.

A reaction where an alkoxide (RONa) is reacted with an alkyl halide (RX) to produce an ether (ROR'). It's a commonly used method for forming ethers.

A chemical reaction where a primary amine (RNH₂) is reacted with carbon disulfide (CS₂) and mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) to produce an isothiocyanate (RNCS). This is a specialized reaction for preparing isothiocyanates.

A chemical reaction where a diazonium salt (ArN₂⁺X⁻) is reacted with a copper(I) halide (CuX) in the presence of HCl to produce a substituted aryl halide (ArX). This reaction is widely used for introducing a chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom onto an aromatic ring.

A chemical reaction where a diazonium salt (ArN₂⁺X⁻) is reacted with a copper(I) cyanide (CuCN) in the presence of a catalyst to produce a substituted aryl cyanide (ArCN). This reaction is a valuable method for converting an aromatic amine into an aryl cyanide.

A reaction where a diazonium salt (ArN₂⁺X⁻) is reacted with a strong base (like NaOH) to produce a phenol (ArOH). This reaction provides a way to convert an aromatic amine into a phenol.

A reaction where an aldehyde or ketone is reduced to an alkane using zinc amalgam (Zn(Hg)) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). This is a useful method for removing a carbonyl group and converting it to a methylene group.

This reaction uses hydrazine (N₂H₄) in a strong base (KOH) and a high-boiling solvent (ethylene glycol) to remove a carbonyl group and convert it to a methylene group. This is a valuable method for reducing a carbonyl group to an alkane.

A reaction where an acyl chloride (RCOCl) is reduced to an aldehyde (RCHO) using hydrogen (H₂) and a catalyst (which is typically palladium on barium sulfate, Pd/BaSO₄). This is a crucial method for selectively reducing an acyl chloride to an aldehyde without further reduction to an alcohol.

A reaction where an aldehyde (RCHO) is reduced to a primary alcohol (RCH₂OH) using hydrogen (H₂) in the presence of a catalyst (like Palladium on barium sulfate, Pd/BaSO₄). This is a common method for reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol.

A reaction where a haloalkane (RX) is heated with silver fluoride (AgF) to produce a fluoroalkane (RF). This reaction is a useful way to replace a halogen atom with a fluorine atom.

A reaction where a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) is reacted with ammonia (NH₃) in the presence of a catalyst (like heat) to produce an amide (RCONH₂). This is a common method for preparing amides.

A reaction where an aromatic compound is reacted with chloroform (CHCl₃) and a strong base (NaOH) in the presence of heat to produce an aromatic aldehyde. This is a useful method for introducing a formyl group (CHO) to an aromatic ring.

A reaction where a primary alcohol (RCH₂OH) is reacted with chlorine gas (Cl₂) in the presence of a base (NaOH) to produce chloroform (CHCl₃). This is a common method for preparing chloroform.

A reaction where an alkyl halide (RX) is reacted with magnesium (Mg) in a dry ether solvent to produce a Grignard reagent (RMgX). This is a key reagent in organic synthesis and provides a wide range of applications.

A reaction where a compound containing α-hydrogen atoms is reacted with an electrophile in the presence of a base to form a new carbon-carbon bond. This is a fundamental reaction for forming carbon-carbon bonds and plays a significant role in organic synthesis.

A reaction where a compound containing carbonyl groups is reacted with an appropriate nucleophile to form a new carbon-carbon bond. The reaction is widely used in organic synthesis to create new products by attaching a nucleophile to the carbonyl group.

A reaction where a molecule with a double bond reacts with an electrophile to form a new single bond and a new carbon-carbon bond. This is a fundamental process in organic reactions and can be utilized to create new molecular structures.

A reaction where a carbonyl group is reacted with an appropriate nucleophile to form an intermediate, which then undergoes elimination to form a new carbon-carbon bond. This is a key reaction in organic chemistry that allows for the formation of complex molecules from smaller building blocks.

A reaction where a molecule containing a leaving group is reacted with a nucleophile. The nucleophile attacks the electrophilic center, displacing the leaving group. This reaction is essential for modifying molecules and creating new structures.

A reaction where two molecules combine to form a new molecule and a smaller side product. This is a fundamental chemical process for creating new compounds by joining two smaller molecules.

A reaction where a molecule gains electrons, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation state. These reactions involve the addition of hydrogen atoms or the removal of oxygen atoms from a molecule.

A reaction where a molecule loses electrons, resulting in an increase in its oxidation state. These reactions involve the addition of oxygen atoms or the removal of hydrogen atoms from a molecule.