Organic Molecules Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What do all organic molecules contain?

Oxygen and hydrogen

Phosphorus and carbon

Carbon and hydrogen (correct)

Nitrogen and sulfur

What is a function group?

A specific combo of bonded atoms that always react in the same way.

Name the four types of organic polymers.

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.

What are organic molecules?

Molecules that make up living and once living things. Signup and view all the answers

What is a monomer?

Sub unit of a macro molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is a polymer?

Chains of monomers that make up macro molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is dehydration synthesis?

Joining monomers to form polymers. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

Breaking polymers into monomers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a protein?

Organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur). Signup and view all the answers

How many different types of amino acids are there?

<ol start="20"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The amino group is represented by ______.

NH2. Signup and view all the answers

The acidic group is represented by ______.

COOH. Signup and view all the answers

The R group refers to ______.

Different amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

How are proteins made?

By joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides. Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptide bond?

Covalent bond formed between amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide?

String of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes?

Proteins that change the rate of chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates made of?

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of H and O. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Short term energy, structure in some organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is a monosaccharide?

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose. Signup and view all the answers

A single sugar provides [blank].

Immediate energy. Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of foods high in monosaccharides.

Ice cream, fruit, candy, soda. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disaccharide?

2 monosaccharides joined together by a dehydration reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are polysaccharides?

A polymer made of many monosaccharides strung together. Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of foods high in starch.

Bread, cereals, potatoes. Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids?

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are insoluble in water. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of lipids?

Long-term energy, insulation, form cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of lipids?

Glycerol and fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are saturated fatty acids?

Have no double bonds between carbon atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are unsaturated fats?

Have double bonds between carbon atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are lipid polymers?

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids. Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of foods high in lipids.

Olive oil, peanut butter, butter. Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acids?

An organic molecule that stores cellular info in the form of a code. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Code for the structure and function of cells. Signup and view all the answers

What does a nucleotide contain?

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical structure of nucleic acids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus. Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of nucleic acids.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organic Molecules Overview

All organic molecules are composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Organic molecules are essential components of living and once-living organisms.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific combinations of bonded atoms that react consistently.

Types of Organic Polymers

Four primary classes of organic polymers include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Molecular Components

Monomers are the subunits that link together to form macromolecules.
Polymers consist of chains of monomers creating larger macro molecules.

Synthesis and Breakdown

Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining monomers to create polymers.
Hydrolysis involves breaking down polymers into their constituent monomers.

Proteins

Proteins are organic molecules made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur (CHON).
There are 20 different types of amino acids forming the building blocks of proteins.
Amino groups (NH2) and acidic groups (COOH) define the structure of amino acids.
Proteins are formed by linking amino acids into polypeptides through peptide bonds, which are covalent connections between amino acids.
Polypeptides represent a string of amino acids.
Enzymes, a specific type of protein, accelerate chemical reactions.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C:H:O) in a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen (e.g., C6H12O6).
They provide short-term energy and structural support in certain organisms.
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugars, such as glucose and fructose. They supply immediate energy.
Examples of foods rich in monosaccharides include ice cream, fruit, candy, and soda.
Disaccharides are formed by the combination of two monosaccharides via dehydration reactions.
Polysaccharides are polymers made from many monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Foods high in starch include bread, cereals, and potatoes.

Lipids

Lipids are organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are insoluble in water, often in a significantly greater ratio of hydrogen to oxygen (e.g., C57H110O6).
They serve multiple functions including long-term energy storage, insulation, and forming cell membranes.
The monomers of lipids are glycerol and fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, are solid at room temperature (e.g., lard, butter).
Unsaturated fats contain double bonds and are liquid at room temperature (e.g., oils).
Lipid polymers include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids.
Foods high in lipids comprise olive oil, peanut butter, and butter.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store cellular information in coded form.
Their primary function is to code for the structures and functions of cells.
A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Chemical structure of nucleic acids includes carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Examples of nucleic acids include DNA, which contains the genetic information to produce proteins, and RNA, which copies DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis.

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Description

Test your knowledge of organic molecules with these flashcards. Each card highlights key terms and definitions, covering essential concepts such as functional groups and the types of organic polymers. Perfect for students studying biology or chemistry.