Organic Molecules and Proteins Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the primary structural features of proteins?

  • Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures (correct)
  • Only fibrous and globular structures
  • Linear sequence of amino acids and hydrophobic R groups only
  • Alpha-helix and beta-sheet structures only

Which carbohydrate is specifically identified as the storage carbohydrate in animal tissues?

  • Starch
  • Fructose
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen (correct)

What is the main role of lipids in the human body?

  • To conduct nerve impulses
  • To synthesize amino acids
  • To transport oxygen in the blood
  • To provide insulation, build cell membranes, and store energy (correct)

What type of protein structure involves the aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains?

<p>Quaternary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about disaccharides is correct?

<p>They are formed by the dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lipid is primarily responsible for building cell membranes?

<p>Phospholipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrous proteins?

<p>They are compact and spherical. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

<p>They form enzyme-substrate complexes to catalyze reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the human cell acts as a selective permeable barrier?

<p>Plasma membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in human cells?

<p>Energy production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S subphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification and sorting of proteins?

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the anaphase stage of mitosis?

<p>Centromeres split and chromosomes are pulled apart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes that do not attach to any membrane?

<p>To encode proteins needed for the cytosol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cytoplasm is packed with organelles performing specific cell functions?

<p>Cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the telophase stage of mitosis?

<p>Chromosomes uncoil and a new nuclear envelope forms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the rough endoplasmic reticulum play in the synthesis and transport of proteins?

<p>It modifies proteins and packages them for delivery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of the nucleus in a human cell?

<p>It regulates cellular activities by enclosing genetic information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and perform its normal functions?

<p>G1 phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytoplasmic organelles?

<p>To perform specific cell functions necessary for survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinct feature do mitochondria have compared to other organelles?

<p>They contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of secretory vesicles formed in the Golgi apparatus?

<p>To transport proteins out of the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the plasma membrane helps in selective permeability?

<p>Integral proteins that span the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural level of proteins is characterized by a linear sequence of amino acids?

<p>Primary structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in plants?

<p>Starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid is mainly involved in providing insulation to body organs?

<p>Triglycerides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural feature of fibrous proteins?

<p>Extended and strand-like (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction forms a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

<p>They convert substrates into products without changing themselves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of globular proteins?

<p>They are functional and compact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for building the cell membrane?

<p>Phospholipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbohydrates

The body's main source of energy.

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates, made up of a single sugar molecule.

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides joined together by a process called dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharide

Large, complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides linked together.

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Lipids

Important for insulation, building cell membranes, and providing stored energy.

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Triglycerides

Most common type of lipid, made of glycerol and three fatty acids.

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Phospholipids

Modified triglycerides, with two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

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Steroids

Flat molecules with four interconnected carbon rings.

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Plasma membrane

The outer boundary of a cell, acting as a selective barrier controlling what enters and exits.

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Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within a cell, containing organelles and carrying out essential cellular functions.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) and directing cellular activities.

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Mitochondria

Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Ribosomes

Tiny structures responsible for protein synthesis, working with mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins.

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis, modification, and lipid production.

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Interphase

The longest stage of the cell cycle, where cell growth and DNA replication occur.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division where the nucleus divides into two identical nuclei, ensuring each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes.

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What are carbohydrates used for?

Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of easily accessible energy. They are broken down to provide fuel for cellular processes.

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What is the general molecular structure of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates have a basic structure composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a specific ratio. The ratio is typically represented as (CH2O)n, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms.

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What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are broadly classified into three categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates constructed from many monosaccharides.

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What is the role of lipids in the body?

Lipids serve various vital functions in the body, including providing energy storage, insulation for organs, and acting as crucial components of cell membranes.

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What are the 3 types of lipids?

Lipids are classified into triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids based on their structure and function. Triglycerides are energy storage molecules, phospholipids form cell membranes, and steroids have diverse roles in various bodily processes.

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What are proteins used for?

Proteins are the building blocks of the body, providing structural support and carrying out numerous essential functions. They act as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and transport molecules, among other roles.

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What are the four levels of protein structure?

Proteins have four levels of structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure involves the folding of the polypeptide chain into alpha-helices and beta-sheets. Tertiary structure describes the compact, three-dimensional shape formed by the interactions between different parts of the polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure arises from the association of multiple polypeptide chains.

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What are enzymes, and how do they work?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. They have a specific active site to which a substrate binds, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme facilitates the conversion of the substrate into products, and then releases the products, returning to its original state.

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Study Notes

Organic Molecules

  • Carbohydrates: Essential energy source for the body.
  • Structure: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
  • Monosaccharides: Single-chain or ring structures; crucial types include pentose (5 carbons) and hexose (6 carbons) sugars.
  • Disaccharides: Formed by joining two monosaccharides via dehydration synthesis.
  • Polysaccharides: Large, insoluble molecules; perfect for storage.
    • Starch: Plant storage carbohydrate.
    • Glycogen: Animal tissue storage carbohydrate.
  • Lipids: Insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy.
  • Triglycerides: Neutral molecule with 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Energy storage; found mainly beneath the skin.
  • Phospholipids: Modified triglycerides with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group; chief material for building cell membranes.
  • Steroids: Flat molecules made of interlocking four hydrocarbon rings.

Proteins

  • Proteins: Body's basic structural material with diverse functions.
  • Structure Levels:
    • Primary: Linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain.
    • Secondary: Alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
    • Tertiary: Folding of secondary structures into a compact, ball-like globular structure; hydrophobic R groups inside, hydrophilic outside.
    • Quaternary: Aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains.
  • Types:
    • Fibrous Proteins: Extended, strand-like; provide mechanical support and tensile strength to tissues (e.g., collagen).
    • Globular Proteins: Compact, spherical; play crucial roles in biological processes (e.g., enzymes).
      • Enzymes: Regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions.
        • Substrate binds to enzyme's active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
        • Internal rearrangements form products.
        • Enzyme releases product.
        • Returns to original shape.
        • Enzyme inhibitors block the active site.
      • Examples of other globular proteins include nucleotides:
        • Cytosine
        • Thymine
        • Adenine
        • Guanine

Cells

  • Cells: Basic structural and functional units of life.
  • Cell Structures:
    • Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary; acts as a selectively permeable barrier.
      • Phospholipid layer: Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail.
      • Membrane proteins: Constitutive (forming part of something), inducible (capable of being moved).
    • Cytoplasm: Intracellular fluid containing organelles.
    • Nucleus: Organelle controlling cellular activities; encloses chromatin (genetic material); contains nuclear pores for molecule transport; contains nucleolus.
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell; enclosed by two membranes; contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes; capable of self-replication.
    • Ribosomes: Two subunits form a ribosomal complex; some attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, some free-floating; involved with protein synthesis.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Rough ER: Involved protein synthesis and transport.
      • Golgi apparatus: Modifies, packages proteins (into vesicles) for export, membrane integration, or lysosome formation.
      • Lysosomes: Membrane-bound organelles with digestive enzymes.
  • Cell Cycle:
    • Interphase: Period from cell formation to cell division; includes G1 (cell metabolically active), S (DNA replication), and G2 (final preparations) subphases.
    • Mitosis: Division of the nucleus.
      • Prophase: Chromatin coils and condenses into chromosomes. Nucleoli disappear. Centromeres separate.
      • Metaphase: Chromosomes cluster at the midline. Centromeres are at opposite poles.
      • Anaphase: Simultaneous splitting of the centromeres. Kinetochore microtubules pull each chromosome toward the opposite pole.
      • Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil; new nuclear envelope is formed. Chromosomes become chromatin; nucleoli reappear; spindle breaks down.
    • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.

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Test your knowledge of organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Explore their structures, functions, and importance in biological systems. This quiz covers essential concepts related to energy sources and molecular composition.

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