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Questions and Answers
What are the primary structural features of proteins?
What are the primary structural features of proteins?
Which carbohydrate is specifically identified as the storage carbohydrate in animal tissues?
Which carbohydrate is specifically identified as the storage carbohydrate in animal tissues?
What is the main role of lipids in the human body?
What is the main role of lipids in the human body?
What type of protein structure involves the aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains?
What type of protein structure involves the aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains?
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Which statement about disaccharides is correct?
Which statement about disaccharides is correct?
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What type of lipid is primarily responsible for building cell membranes?
What type of lipid is primarily responsible for building cell membranes?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrous proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrous proteins?
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What is a key function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
What is a key function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
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Which structure of the human cell acts as a selective permeable barrier?
Which structure of the human cell acts as a selective permeable barrier?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria in human cells?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in human cells?
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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
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Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification and sorting of proteins?
Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification and sorting of proteins?
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What occurs during the anaphase stage of mitosis?
What occurs during the anaphase stage of mitosis?
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What is the function of ribosomes that do not attach to any membrane?
What is the function of ribosomes that do not attach to any membrane?
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Which component of the cytoplasm is packed with organelles performing specific cell functions?
Which component of the cytoplasm is packed with organelles performing specific cell functions?
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What happens during the telophase stage of mitosis?
What happens during the telophase stage of mitosis?
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What role does the rough endoplasmic reticulum play in the synthesis and transport of proteins?
What role does the rough endoplasmic reticulum play in the synthesis and transport of proteins?
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Which statement best describes the function of the nucleus in a human cell?
Which statement best describes the function of the nucleus in a human cell?
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During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and perform its normal functions?
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and perform its normal functions?
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What is the primary function of cytoplasmic organelles?
What is the primary function of cytoplasmic organelles?
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What distinct feature do mitochondria have compared to other organelles?
What distinct feature do mitochondria have compared to other organelles?
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What is the role of secretory vesicles formed in the Golgi apparatus?
What is the role of secretory vesicles formed in the Golgi apparatus?
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Which component of the plasma membrane helps in selective permeability?
Which component of the plasma membrane helps in selective permeability?
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What structural level of proteins is characterized by a linear sequence of amino acids?
What structural level of proteins is characterized by a linear sequence of amino acids?
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Which type of carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
Which type of carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
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Which type of lipid is mainly involved in providing insulation to body organs?
Which type of lipid is mainly involved in providing insulation to body organs?
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What is the primary structural feature of fibrous proteins?
What is the primary structural feature of fibrous proteins?
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What type of reaction forms a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?
What type of reaction forms a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?
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Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
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What is the primary characteristic of globular proteins?
What is the primary characteristic of globular proteins?
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Which component is essential for building the cell membrane?
Which component is essential for building the cell membrane?
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Study Notes
Organic Molecules
- Carbohydrates: Essential energy source for the body.
- Structure: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
- Monosaccharides: Single-chain or ring structures; crucial types include pentose (5 carbons) and hexose (6 carbons) sugars.
- Disaccharides: Formed by joining two monosaccharides via dehydration synthesis.
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Polysaccharides: Large, insoluble molecules; perfect for storage.
- Starch: Plant storage carbohydrate.
- Glycogen: Animal tissue storage carbohydrate.
- Lipids: Insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy.
- Triglycerides: Neutral molecule with 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Energy storage; found mainly beneath the skin.
- Phospholipids: Modified triglycerides with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group; chief material for building cell membranes.
- Steroids: Flat molecules made of interlocking four hydrocarbon rings.
Proteins
- Proteins: Body's basic structural material with diverse functions.
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Structure Levels:
- Primary: Linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain.
- Secondary: Alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
- Tertiary: Folding of secondary structures into a compact, ball-like globular structure; hydrophobic R groups inside, hydrophilic outside.
- Quaternary: Aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains.
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Types:
- Fibrous Proteins: Extended, strand-like; provide mechanical support and tensile strength to tissues (e.g., collagen).
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Globular Proteins: Compact, spherical; play crucial roles in biological processes (e.g., enzymes).
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Enzymes: Regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions.
- Substrate binds to enzyme's active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
- Internal rearrangements form products.
- Enzyme releases product.
- Returns to original shape.
- Enzyme inhibitors block the active site.
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Examples of other globular proteins include nucleotides:
- Cytosine
- Thymine
- Adenine
- Guanine
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Enzymes: Regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions.
Cells
- Cells: Basic structural and functional units of life.
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Cell Structures:
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Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary; acts as a selectively permeable barrier.
- Phospholipid layer: Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail.
- Membrane proteins: Constitutive (forming part of something), inducible (capable of being moved).
- Cytoplasm: Intracellular fluid containing organelles.
- Nucleus: Organelle controlling cellular activities; encloses chromatin (genetic material); contains nuclear pores for molecule transport; contains nucleolus.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell; enclosed by two membranes; contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes; capable of self-replication.
- Ribosomes: Two subunits form a ribosomal complex; some attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, some free-floating; involved with protein synthesis.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Involved protein synthesis and transport.
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies, packages proteins (into vesicles) for export, membrane integration, or lysosome formation.
- Lysosomes: Membrane-bound organelles with digestive enzymes.
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Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary; acts as a selectively permeable barrier.
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Cell Cycle:
- Interphase: Period from cell formation to cell division; includes G1 (cell metabolically active), S (DNA replication), and G2 (final preparations) subphases.
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Mitosis: Division of the nucleus.
- Prophase: Chromatin coils and condenses into chromosomes. Nucleoli disappear. Centromeres separate.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes cluster at the midline. Centromeres are at opposite poles.
- Anaphase: Simultaneous splitting of the centromeres. Kinetochore microtubules pull each chromosome toward the opposite pole.
- Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil; new nuclear envelope is formed. Chromosomes become chromatin; nucleoli reappear; spindle breaks down.
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.
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Description
Test your knowledge of organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Explore their structures, functions, and importance in biological systems. This quiz covers essential concepts related to energy sources and molecular composition.
