Organic Molecules and Cell Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What does the Law of Dominance state regarding alleles?

  • Recessive alleles are expressed when paired with dominant alleles.
  • Recessive alleles will always appear in offspring.
  • Both alleles are equally expressed in heterozygous individuals.
  • Dominant alleles will prevent recessive alleles from being expressed. (correct)

    • What is true regarding sex-linked traits?

  • They are inherited on chromosomes from both parents equally.
  • They can only be passed from father to son.
  • They affect only male offspring.
  • They are traits associated with particular sexes, typically linked to the X chromosome. (correct)

    • Which inheritance pattern involves traits controlled by multiple genes?

  • Codominance
  • Multiple Alleles
  • Linked Traits
  • Polygenic Inheritance (correct)

    • In terms of alleles, what does the Law of Segregation indicate?

    <p>Gametes only carry one allele from each gene pair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines codominance in genetic inheritance?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed in heterozygous offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes active transport across the plasma membrane?

    <p>It transports substances from low concentration to high concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves large particles being taken into the cell?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a hypertonic solution affect a cell?

    <p>It causes water to move out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypothalamus play in homeostasis?

    <p>It sends signals to adjust the internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a selectively permeable membrane?

    <p>It only permits certain substances to enter or leave the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in an experiment?

    <p>The condition that is changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dependent variable represent in an experiment?

    <p>The outcome that is measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a controlled variable in an experiment?

    <p>A variable that is not affected during the experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pseudoscience from science?

    <p>Pseudoscience comprises myths masquerading as facts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can biases in scientific research lead to?

    <p>Incorrect conclusions about the experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of parenchyma cells in plants?

    <p>Carry out most of the plant's metabolic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about collenchyma cells is true?

    <p>They have thick primary cell walls of uneven thickness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines schlerenchyma cells?

    <p>They cannot increase in length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of xylem in plants?

    <p>Conducting water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue is involved in the transport of sucrose and other organic compounds?

    <p>Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes meristematic tissue from other plant tissues?

    <p>It contains rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about plant growth is true?

    <p>Plants retain meristematic areas throughout their life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types in phloem are responsible for sucrose transport?

    <p>Sieve-tube members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during cytokinesis in animal cells?

    <p>Two daughter cells with identical genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In female meiosis, how many polar bodies are typically produced?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a homozygous genotype?

    <p>Two identical alleles of a pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a trait in genetic terms?

    <p>A characteristic received from parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Punnett Square, what is primarily used to show results of a genetic cross?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a test cross?

    <p>Mating a known genotype with an unknown genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects Mendel's laws of heredity?

    <p>Traits are independently assorted during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a karyotype?

    <p>To analyze the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between genotypes and phenotypes?

    <p>Genotypes are the alleles, while phenotypes are observable characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fertilization, how do sex cells interact?

    <p>They form a diploid individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for an organism to be heterozygous?

    <p>It possesses one dominant and one recessive allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a dihybrid cross?

    <p>It involves two traits simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of polar bodies during oogenesis?

    <p>They disintegrate and do not contribute to reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene variation is typically expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?

    <p>They speed up chemical reactions without being altered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of water's cohesive properties?

    <p>To hold water molecules together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure of DNA?

    <p>It is a double-stranded twisted helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis occurs only in somatic cells, while meiosis occurs in sex cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major outcome of sexual reproduction?

    <p>Increased genetic variation within a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of evaporative cooling in water?

    <p>It prevents overheating in organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a polypeptide's amino acid sequence?

    <p>The sequence of bases in a nucleic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of environment is asexual reproduction most advantageous?

    <p>Stable environments where conditions do not change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of RNA when compared to DNA?

    <p>It uses ribose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding water's behavior as a universal solvent?

    <p>It facilitates chemical reactions in aqueous solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis?

    <p>Production of haploid gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when mRNA is created from a DNA template?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of the polar nature of water?

    <p>Water molecules exhibit cohesion and adhesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Molecules

    • Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in all living things.
    • Carbohydrates are a major source of energy, made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen).
    • Proteins are nitrogen-containing compounds composed of amino acid chains. Twenty amino acids form a wide variety of protein molecules. They can be enzymes, hormones, antibodies, or structural components.
    • Lipids (fats and oils) are water-insoluble compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide insulation, store energy, cushion organs, and are found in biological membranes.
    • Nucleic acids direct the instruction for proteins. Two types exist: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

    Cell Organelles

    • Chloroplasts capture solar energy for photosynthesis.
    • Golgi bodies package and distribute products.
    • Lysosomes digest excess products and food particles.
    • Mitochondria transform energy through respiration.
    • Nucleus contains DNA controlling cellular activities.
    • Ribosomes produce proteins.
    • Vacuoles store substances.
    • Cell (plasma) membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that protects, controls transport, and maintains homeostasis.
    • Cell wall protects and encloses plant cells and some bacteria.
    • Cytoplasm is fluid-like and contains various organelles.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum is the site of chemical reactions. Rough ER contains ribosomes; smooth ER produces lipids.
    • Cytoskeleton provides internal structure via microfilaments and microtubules.

    Cell Organization

    • Unicellular organisms exist as a single, independent cell.
    • Multicellular organisms are groups of specialized cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.
    • Prokaryotes have nuclear material not enclosed by a nuclear membrane without membrane-bound organelles (bacteria).
    • Eukaryotes have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, animals, fungi, protists).

    Cell Specialization

    • Each cell performs specific functions in tissues and organs.
    • Cell shape and contents change as they mature.
    • Specialized cells may contain extra organelles not found in all cells.

    Passive Transport

    • Diffusion: Movement of substances across the plasma membrane from high to low concentration.
    • Osmosis: Diffusion of water from a high concentration to a lower concentration across the plasma membrane.
    • Facilitated transport: Carrier molecules in the plasma membrane assist substance movement across the membrane.

    Active Transport

    • Endocytosis: Large particles brought into the cell.
    • Exocytosis: Large particles leave the cell.

    Homeostasis

    • Cells maintain internal equilibrium. This is a self-regulating mechanism maintained at the level of individual cells and organ systems. Examples of functions include body temperature, respiration, and nutritional balance.
    • Negative feedback: a response that counteracts a change in variable like glucose level.
    • Positive feedback: a response that amplifies a change in variable like blood clotting.

    Biochemical Reactions

    • Cellular respiration: Food molecules are converted to energy with three stages. The first (glycolysis) does not require oxygen. Aerobic respiration (including the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain) requires oxygen.
    • The equation for aerobic respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (36 ATP).
    • Photosynthesis: Plant cells convert sunlight into carbohydrates.
    • The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (from sunlight) => C6H12O6 + 6O2.
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) stores and releases energy for cellular reactions in bonds. ATP releases energy when a phosphate group is removed, becoming ADP.
    • Fermentation: anaerobic respiration used to produce ATP. Two types: lactic acid fermentation (muscle cells) and alcoholic fermentation (plant cells).
    • Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions. Factors like pH, temperature, and the amount of substrate/enzyme affect enzyme function.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of organic molecules and cell organelles in this quiz. Understand the functions and compositions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as the role of various organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria. Test your knowledge on these fundamental biological concepts!

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