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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of carbon that allows it to form a wide variety of complex molecules?
What is the primary characteristic of carbon that allows it to form a wide variety of complex molecules?
- It can form single ionic bonds.
- It has 6 valence electrons.
- It has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds. (correct)
- It is naturally hydrophilic.
Which of the following is NOT a functional group commonly found in biological molecules?
Which of the following is NOT a functional group commonly found in biological molecules?
- Triple bond (correct)
- Methyl group
- Carbonyl group
- Hydroxyl group
What type of reaction is used to link monomers together to form polymers?
What type of reaction is used to link monomers together to form polymers?
- Dehydration reaction (correct)
- Reduction
- Hydrolysis
- Oxidation
What is the name of a molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms?
What is the name of a molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms?
What makes functional groups likely to participate in chemical reactions?
What makes functional groups likely to participate in chemical reactions?
What is the molecular formula for both glucose and fructose?
What is the molecular formula for both glucose and fructose?
What is a key difference between glucose and fructose?
What is a key difference between glucose and fructose?
What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?
What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?
A disaccharide is formed by the joining of two monosaccharides through which process?
A disaccharide is formed by the joining of two monosaccharides through which process?
What is the primary factor contributing to the diversity of polymers?
What is the primary factor contributing to the diversity of polymers?
Which of the following is a disaccharide composed of one glucose monomer and one fructose monomer?
Which of the following is a disaccharide composed of one glucose monomer and one fructose monomer?
What is the primary function of polysaccharides in biological systems?
What is the primary function of polysaccharides in biological systems?
Which structural polysaccharide is a major component of plant cell walls and is not digestible by most animals?
Which structural polysaccharide is a major component of plant cell walls and is not digestible by most animals?
What characteristic of lipids makes them hydrophobic?
What characteristic of lipids makes them hydrophobic?
Why are unsaturated fatty acids typically liquid at room temperature?
Why are unsaturated fatty acids typically liquid at room temperature?
What is the result of the hydrogenation process on oils?
What is the result of the hydrogenation process on oils?
Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide found in plants?
Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide found in plants?
Which of these is NOT typically a function of lipids?
Which of these is NOT typically a function of lipids?
What is a key difference between fats and carbohydrates?
What is a key difference between fats and carbohydrates?
What does a food label indicating 'partially hydrogenated oils' suggest?
What does a food label indicating 'partially hydrogenated oils' suggest?
Flashcards
Organic molecule
Organic molecule
A molecule that contains a carbon backbone and usually hydrogen atoms.
Functional group
Functional group
A specific configuration of atoms attached to the carbon backbone of organic molecules.
Macromolecule
Macromolecule
A large molecule formed by joining smaller molecules.
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon
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Monomer
Monomer
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Polymer
Polymer
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Dehydration reaction
Dehydration reaction
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
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Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
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Disaccharide
Disaccharide
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Sucrose
Sucrose
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Starch
Starch
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Chitin
Chitin
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Lipids
Lipids
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Fat
Fat
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Saturated Fatty Acid
Saturated Fatty Acid
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Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
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Study Notes
Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells
-
Life's diversity is based on the properties of carbon
- Organic molecules are carbon-based, often containing hydrogen
- Carbon forms four covalent bonds, allowing for complex structures
- Carbon chains are the backbone of most organic molecules
-
Key chemical groups in biological molecules
- Functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl)
- These groups affect molecular function by participating in chemical reactions
- Hydrophilic (water-loving) groups are often polar
- Hydrophobic groups, like hydrocarbons, are nonpolar and insoluble in water
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Building large molecules from small ones
- Monomers are the building blocks of polymers
- Dehydration reactions join monomers by removing water molecules
- Hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart using water
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Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars; examples include glucose and fructose
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates; starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples
- Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants
- Glycogen stores glucose in animals
- Cellulose forms plant cell walls
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Lipids
- Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids
- energy storage molecules
- Fatty acids with double bonds are unsaturated; those with no double bonds are saturated.
- Animals store mostly saturated fats, while plants often store unsaturated fats.
- Phospholipids have a hydrophilic (polar) head and two hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails.
- Steroids have a four-ring hydrocarbon structure
- Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids
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Proteins
- Proteins are polypeptides, chains of amino acids
- Amino acids are the monomers of proteins
- Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
- Primary structure: amino acid sequence
- Secondary structure: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
- Tertiary structure: overall 3D shape
- Quaternary structure: arrangement of multiple polypeptides
-
Nucleic acids
- Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
- Nucleotides have a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores genetic information
- RNA (ribonucleic acid) plays a role in protein synthesis
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of cellular molecules in this quiz based on Chapter 3 of your biology textbook. Understand the role of carbon in organic molecules, key chemical groups, and the processes of building large molecules from smaller ones. Assess your knowledge of carbohydrates and their structure.
