Questions and Answers
What is the general formula for Alcohol?
R-OH
What is the general formula for Ether?
R-O-R'
What is the functional group for Aldehyde?
-C=O, H
What is the name ending for an Aldehyde?
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What is the general formula for Ketone?
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What is the general formula for Carboxylic Acid?
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What is the functional group for Ester?
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What is the general formula for Amine?
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What is the general formula for Amide?
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What are organic compounds?
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What does a molecular formula show?
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What does a structural formula show?
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What is a condensed structural formula?
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What is an expanded structural formula?
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What are Aromatic compounds?
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What should you identify when naming hydrocarbons?
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What are alkyl substituents named according to?
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What are functional groups?
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Study Notes
Alcohol
- General formula: R-OH
- Contains a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
- Characterized as polar compounds
- Naming convention: ends in "ol"
Ether
- General formula: R-O-R'
- Functional group: -O-
- Formed by replacing hydrogen atoms in water (H2O) with alkyl groups
- Typically not soluble in water
Aldehyde
- General formula: R-CHO
- Contains a carbonyl functional group (C=O) bonded to hydrogen (H)
- Contains one hydrogen atom in the structure
- Name ends with "al"
Ketone
- General formula: R-CO-R'
- Contains a carbonyl functional group (C=O)
- Name concludes with "one"
Carboxylic Acid
- General formula: R-COOH
- Features a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a hydroxyl group (OH)
- Recognized as the highest priority functional group in nomenclature
- Always behaves as a weak acid, with the name ending in "acid"
Ester
- General formula: R-CO-OR'
- Formed through the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid
- Contains an acyloxy group (RCO2)
- Reaction: RCO2H + R′OH ⇌ RCO2R′ + H2O
Amine
- General formula: RNH2, R2NH, R3N
- Functional group: -N-
- Derivatives of ammonia with varying alkyl group combinations
Amide
- General formula: R-CONH2
- Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to an amine group (NH2)
- Derived from the modification of carboxylic acids
Organic Compounds
- Composed of carbon and hydrogen, often with other elements such as O, N, S, P, or halogens
- Approximately 81 million identified organic substances, with about 15,000 new substances added daily
Molecular Formula
- Represents the types and quantities of atoms in a molecule
- Example: C4H10
Structural Formula
- Depicts the arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them
- Example: CH3CH2CH2CH3
Condensed Structural Formula
- Simplified structural formula that omits some bonds and atoms
- Example: CH3(CH2)2CH3
Line Formula
- Condensed linear representation of the structural formula
- Demonstrates the relationship between substituent groups in the molecule
Expanded Structural Formula
- Illustrated structural formula showing the arrangement of atoms with individual bonds drawn
- Utilizes Lewis diagrams for clarity
Aromatic Compounds
- Family of cyclic organic compounds featuring a benzene ring
- Exhibits resonance, contributing to stability and uniform C-C bond characteristics
- Simplest compound: Benzene (C6H6), known for its unsaturated nature
Naming Hydrocarbons
- Main chain identified as the longest sequence of carbon atoms including double or triple bonds
- Unsaturation indicated by suffixes: -ene (double bonds), -yne (triple bonds), -ane (single bonds)
- Substituents are groups attached to the main chain
Long Chain/Parent Identification
- Determine the longest carbon chain present that includes double or triple bonds
- Number the chain from the end closest to a substituent
- Use 'cyclo' prefix if the main chain is cyclic, e.g., cyclopentane
Alkyl Substituents Naming Rules
- Identify alkyl groups based on carbon count, using the suffix "-yl"
- Indicate the carbon atom they are attached to by numbering
- For multiple identical groups, use prefixes: di, tri, tetra, penta, etc.
- Group positions are numbered with commas; different groups are named alphabetically
Functional Groups
- Specific arrangements of atoms that attach to carbon skeletons
- Involved in chemical reactions and define the behavior of organic molecules
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Description
Test your understanding of organic compounds with this flashcard quiz on structure and nomenclature. Learn about different functional groups such as alcohols and ethers through concise definitions and general formulas. Perfect for students studying organic chemistry.
