Organic Compounds Structure & Nomenclature
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Questions and Answers

What is the general formula for Alcohol?

R-OH

What is the general formula for Ether?

R-O-R'

What is the functional group for Aldehyde?

-C=O, H

What is the name ending for an Aldehyde?

<p>-al</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Ketone?

<p>R-CO-R'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Carboxylic Acid?

<p>R-COOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group for Ester?

<p>-C=O, OR'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Amine?

<p>RNH2, R2NH, R3N</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Amide?

<p>R-CONH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are organic compounds?

<p>Compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a molecular formula show?

<p>The types and numbers of atoms in a molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a structural formula show?

<p>The arrangement of bonded atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a condensed structural formula?

<p>A structural formula that leaves out some bonds and/or atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expanded structural formula?

<p>A type of structural formula that shows all the bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Aromatic compounds?

<p>Cyclic organic compounds with a benzene ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you identify when naming hydrocarbons?

<p>The longest chain of carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alkyl substituents named according to?

<p>The number of carbons they contain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are functional groups?

<p>Specific configurations of atoms attached to carbon skeletons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Alcohol

  • General formula: R-OH
  • Contains a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
  • Characterized as polar compounds
  • Naming convention: ends in "ol"

Ether

  • General formula: R-O-R'
  • Functional group: -O-
  • Formed by replacing hydrogen atoms in water (H2O) with alkyl groups
  • Typically not soluble in water

Aldehyde

  • General formula: R-CHO
  • Contains a carbonyl functional group (C=O) bonded to hydrogen (H)
  • Contains one hydrogen atom in the structure
  • Name ends with "al"

Ketone

  • General formula: R-CO-R'
  • Contains a carbonyl functional group (C=O)
  • Name concludes with "one"

Carboxylic Acid

  • General formula: R-COOH
  • Features a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a hydroxyl group (OH)
  • Recognized as the highest priority functional group in nomenclature
  • Always behaves as a weak acid, with the name ending in "acid"

Ester

  • General formula: R-CO-OR'
  • Formed through the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid
  • Contains an acyloxy group (RCO2)
  • Reaction: RCO2H + R′OH ⇌ RCO2R′ + H2O

Amine

  • General formula: RNH2, R2NH, R3N
  • Functional group: -N-
  • Derivatives of ammonia with varying alkyl group combinations

Amide

  • General formula: R-CONH2
  • Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to an amine group (NH2)
  • Derived from the modification of carboxylic acids

Organic Compounds

  • Composed of carbon and hydrogen, often with other elements such as O, N, S, P, or halogens
  • Approximately 81 million identified organic substances, with about 15,000 new substances added daily

Molecular Formula

  • Represents the types and quantities of atoms in a molecule
  • Example: C4H10

Structural Formula

  • Depicts the arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them
  • Example: CH3CH2CH2CH3

Condensed Structural Formula

  • Simplified structural formula that omits some bonds and atoms
  • Example: CH3(CH2)2CH3

Line Formula

  • Condensed linear representation of the structural formula
  • Demonstrates the relationship between substituent groups in the molecule

Expanded Structural Formula

  • Illustrated structural formula showing the arrangement of atoms with individual bonds drawn
  • Utilizes Lewis diagrams for clarity

Aromatic Compounds

  • Family of cyclic organic compounds featuring a benzene ring
  • Exhibits resonance, contributing to stability and uniform C-C bond characteristics
  • Simplest compound: Benzene (C6H6), known for its unsaturated nature

Naming Hydrocarbons

  • Main chain identified as the longest sequence of carbon atoms including double or triple bonds
  • Unsaturation indicated by suffixes: -ene (double bonds), -yne (triple bonds), -ane (single bonds)
  • Substituents are groups attached to the main chain

Long Chain/Parent Identification

  • Determine the longest carbon chain present that includes double or triple bonds
  • Number the chain from the end closest to a substituent
  • Use 'cyclo' prefix if the main chain is cyclic, e.g., cyclopentane

Alkyl Substituents Naming Rules

  • Identify alkyl groups based on carbon count, using the suffix "-yl"
  • Indicate the carbon atom they are attached to by numbering
  • For multiple identical groups, use prefixes: di, tri, tetra, penta, etc.
  • Group positions are numbered with commas; different groups are named alphabetically

Functional Groups

  • Specific arrangements of atoms that attach to carbon skeletons
  • Involved in chemical reactions and define the behavior of organic molecules

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Description

Test your understanding of organic compounds with this flashcard quiz on structure and nomenclature. Learn about different functional groups such as alcohols and ethers through concise definitions and general formulas. Perfect for students studying organic chemistry.

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