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Questions and Answers
Which reagent is used for the nitration of Phenol at low temperature?
Which reagent is used for the nitration of Phenol at low temperature?
- CrO3
- H2SO4
- dil.HNO3 (correct)
- PCC
What type of reaction does phenol undergo with nitrous acid?
What type of reaction does phenol undergo with nitrous acid?
- Diazoitization (correct)
- Reimer-Tiemann reaction
- Sulphonation
- Carbyl amine test
At what temperature does nitration of Phenol occur?
At what temperature does nitration of Phenol occur?
- 298K (correct)
- -20°C
- 36°C
- -10°C
What is the product when phenol reacts with concentrated nitric acid and nitrous acid?
What is the product when phenol reacts with concentrated nitric acid and nitrous acid?
What is the role of SO2 in a reaction with Pyridine and SOCl2?
What is the role of SO2 in a reaction with Pyridine and SOCl2?
Which reagent is used for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes?
Which reagent is used for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes?
Which reagent is used for converting alcohols to acids?
Which reagent is used for converting alcohols to acids?
What is the product of the reaction of an alcohol with concentrated nitric acid and nitrous acid under specific conditions?
What is the product of the reaction of an alcohol with concentrated nitric acid and nitrous acid under specific conditions?
Under which reaction condition does an alkene undergo anti-Markovnikov addition of HBr?
Under which reaction condition does an alkene undergo anti-Markovnikov addition of HBr?
What reagent is used for the halogenation of alkynes?
What reagent is used for the halogenation of alkynes?
In oxidative ozonolysis, what products are formed when a terminal alkene undergoes this reaction?
In oxidative ozonolysis, what products are formed when a terminal alkene undergoes this reaction?
Which one of the following reactions is NOT a method for preparing alkynes?
Which one of the following reactions is NOT a method for preparing alkynes?
When an alkene undergoes allylic substitution, what type of compound is typically formed?
When an alkene undergoes allylic substitution, what type of compound is typically formed?
What is the major product of the addition of HBr to propene in the presence of peroxide?
What is the major product of the addition of HBr to propene in the presence of peroxide?
Which of the following reagents is commonly used for dehydrohalogenation reactions?
Which of the following reagents is commonly used for dehydrohalogenation reactions?
What is the product of the oxidation of propene with dilute alkaline KMnO4?
What is the product of the oxidation of propene with dilute alkaline KMnO4?
Which type of reaction is observed when HCl is added to an alkene following Markovnikov's rule?
Which type of reaction is observed when HCl is added to an alkene following Markovnikov's rule?
In hydroboration oxidation, what is the final product formed from the reaction of propene with BH3 followed by hydrogen peroxide?
In hydroboration oxidation, what is the final product formed from the reaction of propene with BH3 followed by hydrogen peroxide?
When 2-methylpropene undergoes dehydration, what is the major product formed?
When 2-methylpropene undergoes dehydration, what is the major product formed?
What is the major product formed when 2-bromobutane undergoes dehydrohalogenation?
What is the major product formed when 2-bromobutane undergoes dehydrohalogenation?
Which reagent is commonly used for the dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes?
Which reagent is commonly used for the dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes?
In the presence of which reagent does vinyl acetylene undergo halogenation?
In the presence of which reagent does vinyl acetylene undergo halogenation?
What is the major organic product formed when acetylene reacts with excess HX?
What is the major organic product formed when acetylene reacts with excess HX?
What is the product of the oxidative ozonolysis of a terminal alkyne?
What is the product of the oxidative ozonolysis of a terminal alkyne?
In the conversion of an alkyne to an alkane using reducing agents like Na/∆ or NaNH2, what is the final product produced?
In the conversion of an alkyne to an alkane using reducing agents like Na/∆ or NaNH2, what is the final product produced?
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Study Notes
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Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Chlorination: uses Cl2/Fe/FeCl3, forms Cl2 gas and FeCl3
- Nitration: uses conc. HNO3 and conc. H2SO4, forms NO2
- Sulphonation: uses H2S2O4/Oleum/SO3, forms SO3H
Friedel-Craft Alkylation and Acylation
- Friedel-Craft Alkylation: uses anhy. AlCl3/R–CH–CH2/HF/R–OH/H+, forms R–X
- Friedel-Craft Acylation: uses anhy. AlX5/R–C–OH, forms R–C–X and R–C=O
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohols:
- From alkenes (dil H2SO4/H+ and H2O/H3O+)
- By reduction of carbonyl compounds (LiAlH4 and NaBH4)
- From carboxylic acid and ester (LiAlH4 and NaBH4)
- Methods of Preparation of Phenols:
- Dow’s process (Cl2 and NaOH)
- From cumene (O2 and H+)
- Methods of Preparation of Ethers:
- Dehydration of alcohols (conc. H2SO4 and H3PO4)
- Williamson ether synthesis (RX and NaOH)
Properties and Reactions of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Acidic Nature of Alcohols:
- React with Na to form alkoxide and H2
- React with Al to form alkoxide and H2
- Esterification:
- React with carboxylic acid to form ester and H2O
- Lucas Test:
- Conc. HCl and anhy. ZnCl2, forms turbidity
- Dehydration:
- Conc. H2SO4 and H3PO4, forms alkene
- Oxidation:
- With PCC, POC, CrO3, and SOCl2, forms aldehyde or ketone
Nitration of Phenol
- With dil. HNO3 (low temperature), forms nitrophenol
- With conc. HNO3 (high temperature), forms dinitrophenol
Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones
- Tollen's Reagent (AgNO3 + NH4OH):
- Forms silver mirror
- Fehling's Solution (Cu2Cl2 + NaOH):
- Forms red precipitate
- Baeyer's Reagent (dil. alk. KMnO4):
- Forms color change
Alkynes
- Methods of Preparation of Alkynes:
- From carbides (∆C → CaO + CO2)
- From dehydrohalogenation (Alc. KOH/Alc. KOH, NaNH2/NaNH2)
- Test for Unsaturation:
- Br2/CCl4, forms colorless solution
- Kucherov Reaction:
- Adds H2O (hydration)
- Coupling Reaction:
- Linear (Cu2Cl2/NH4Cl), forms C≡C bond
- Cyclic (Red hot tube), forms C≡C bond
- Oxidative (O2), forms C≡C bond
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