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Questions and Answers
In nucleophilic substitutions, alkyl halides are classified as:
In nucleophilic substitutions, alkyl halides are classified as:
- Secondary (2°) only
- Tertiary (3°) only
- Primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based on the number of carbon groups directly bonded to the carbon bearing the halogen atom (correct)
- Primary (1°) only
What is necessary in any substitution reaction?
What is necessary in any substitution reaction?
- Substrate only
- Nucleophile only
- Leaving group only
- Nucleophile, leaving group, and substrate (correct)
Which species is commonly attracted to a region of positive charge in nucleophilic substitution?
Which species is commonly attracted to a region of positive charge in nucleophilic substitution?
- Hydride ion
- Nucleophile (correct)
- Substrate
- Leaving group
What makes H2O a better leaving group than HO¯ in nucleophilic substitution?
What makes H2O a better leaving group than HO¯ in nucleophilic substitution?
What do nucleophiles and bases have in common?
What do nucleophiles and bases have in common?
In the context of nucleophilic substitution, what determines the classification of alkyl halides as primary, secondary, or tertiary?
In the context of nucleophilic substitution, what determines the classification of alkyl halides as primary, secondary, or tertiary?
What is the role of the leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?
What is the role of the leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?
Which species is commonly attracted to a region of positive charge in nucleophilic substitution?
Which species is commonly attracted to a region of positive charge in nucleophilic substitution?
What determines whether H2O is a better leaving group than HO¯ in nucleophilic substitution?
What determines whether H2O is a better leaving group than HO¯ in nucleophilic substitution?
How are nucleophiles and bases structurally similar in nucleophilic substitution reactions?
How are nucleophiles and bases structurally similar in nucleophilic substitution reactions?
Which type of hydrocarbon contains only single bonds between carbon atoms?
Which type of hydrocarbon contains only single bonds between carbon atoms?
What is the IUPAC name for an alkane with 4 carbon atoms?
What is the IUPAC name for an alkane with 4 carbon atoms?
What type of bond is found in alkanes?
What type of bond is found in alkanes?
What holds alkanes to other molecules?
What holds alkanes to other molecules?
Which type of compound may be both straight and cyclic?
Which type of compound may be both straight and cyclic?
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Study Notes
Nucleophilic Substitutions
- Alkyl halides are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary in nucleophilic substitutions.
- A nucleophile is necessary in any substitution reaction.
Nucleophiles and Leaving Groups
- Nucleophiles are attracted to a region of positive charge in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
- Nucleophiles and bases have in common that they are both electron-rich species.
- The leaving group plays a crucial role in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, as it helps to stabilize the transition state.
- H2O is a better leaving group than HO¯ due to its ability to stabilize the transition state through hydrogen bonding.
Alkyl Halides Classification
- The classification of alkyl halides as primary, secondary, or tertiary depends on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the alpha carbon.
Alkanes
- Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
- The IUPAC name for an alkane with 4 carbon atoms is butane.
- Alkanes are held together by van der Waals forces, which hold them to other molecules.
- Alkanes can be both straight and cyclic.
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