Organic Chemistry Quiz: Paracetamol and Quinine Synthesis

<p>Multiple manufacturers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone imine (NAPQI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates the production of more glutathione. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concomitant alcohol consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracetamol is metabolized into both active and inactive metabolites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rabies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bites from infected female Anopheles mosquitos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>94% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cinchona tree bark (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>597,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carolus Linnaeus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quinidine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Like cures like' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The motile parasite responsible for malaria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An analgesic and antipyretic compound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C20H24N2O2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bitterness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Infectious diseases with the highest mortality rates.

A tropical disease caused by parasites transmitted through infected mosquitoes.

The genus of trees that produce quinine, a drug used for malaria treatment.

An alkaloid found in Cinchona bark that interferes with malaria parasite reproduction.

The principle behind homeopathy, where a substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat the same symptoms in a sick person.

The founder of homeopathy who developed the idea of "like cures like" after taking large doses of quinine and experiencing malaria-like symptoms.

The scientific study of the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity.

The number of deaths caused by a specific disease in a population.

The process of creating a complex molecule from simpler ones, often starting from scratch.

A specific type of chemical reaction where a molecule is rearranged into a different structure.

A compound derived from quinine, used in the synthesis of quinine.

A controversy surrounding the priority and accuracy of the first total synthesis of quinine.

A specific molecule that served as a key intermediate in a disputed quinine synthesis.

An important milestone in organic chemistry, indicating the successful creation of a complex molecule from simpler ones.

The discovery of the organism responsible for causing malaria, a significant advancement in understanding the disease.

The process of resolving a racemic mixture (equal amounts of enantiomers) into its individual enantiomers, separating the mirror-image forms of a chiral molecule.

A specific type of quinine synthesis utilizing a stereoselective approach, which emphasizes controlling the formation of specific stereoisomers during the synthesis.

A chemical compound used as an analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer), commonly known as acetaminophen in the United States.

The official name assigned to a drug by the World Health Organization (WHO), typically in the Latin language, to standardize international usage.

A chemical compound that was initially used as an analgesic and antipyretic but was later discovered to cause methemoglobinemia, a potentially serious side effect.

A condition where the iron in red blood cells is oxidized to a form that cannot carry oxygen effectively, leading to tissue oxygen deficiency.

Paracetamol is a pain reliever and fever reducer that works by inhibiting the COX enzyme in the brain. This action reduces inflammation and pain signals.

Paracetamol is metabolized in the liver primarily into inactive sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, which are then excreted by the kidneys.

A small amount of Paracetamol is metabolized by CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 enzymes in the liver. This process produces a toxic metabolite called NAPQI.

NAPQI is usually quickly detoxified by glutathione in the liver. However, in overdose situations, the detoxification pathway becomes saturated, leading to liver damage.

When Paracetamol overdose overwhelms the liver's detoxification system, NAPQI accumulates, causing damage to liver cells. This can lead to liver failure and death.

Acetylcysteine is a medication used to treat Paracetamol overdose. It works by replenishing the liver's supply of glutathione, helping detoxify NAPQI.

Alcohol consumption can lower the toxic dose of Paracetamol. This means that the same amount of Paracetamol can be more dangerous when alcohol is involved.

Without proper treatment, symptoms of liver failure can appear 16 to 36 hours after a Paracetamol overdose. This can lead to death due to acute liver failure.