Paracetamol Properties
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Questions and Answers

What is the plasma protein binding of mephenamic acid?

  • Highly bound (correct)
  • 50%
  • Partially bound
  • Not bound
  • What is the most important dose-related side effect of mephenamic acid?

  • Diarrhoea (correct)
  • Nausea
  • Haemolytic anaemia
  • Epigastric distress
  • What is the plasma half-life of piroxicam?

  • Nearly 2 days (correct)
  • 4-6 hours
  • 2-4 hours
  • 12 hours
  • What is a rare but serious complication of mephenamic acid?

    <p>Haemolytic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is piroxicam primarily used for?

    <p>Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is piroxicam administered?

    <p>Single daily administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of piroxicam?

    <p>Heart burn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of piroxicam's pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Rapidly and completely absorbed with 99% plasma protein binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant clinical use of paracetamol?

    <p>Serving as an antipyretic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with acute paracetamol poisoning?

    <p>Centrilobular hepatic necrosis after 12–18 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a notable characteristic of paracetamol regarding drug interactions?

    <p>It does not have significant drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose of paracetamol for adults?

    <p>325–650 mg, 3–4 times a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is indicated for acute paracetamol poisoning if administered early?

    <p>N-acetylcysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario should paracetamol be preferred over conventional NSAIDs?

    <p>Postextraction pain in patients with gastric intolerance to NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the early symptoms of acute paracetamol poisoning?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and liver tenderness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups can safely use paracetamol?

    <p>Infants to elderly, including pregnant/lactating women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for paracetamol (acetaminophen) in terms of pain relief?

    <p>Raising the pain threshold in the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) when used in isolated antipyretic doses?

    <p>Nausea and rashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is paracetamol (acetaminophen) primarily eliminated from the body?

    <p>Conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate followed by urinary excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common clinical use of paracetamol (acetaminophen)?

    <p>Relief of headache and musculoskeletal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does paracetamol (acetaminophen) differ from selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) in terms of its effect on platelet aggregation?

    <p>Both paracetamol and coxibs have minimal or no effect on platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the analgesic action of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and aspirin?

    <p>Paracetamol and aspirin have similar analgesic potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate half-life of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in plasma?

    <p>2-3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning, what is the primary goal of treatment?

    <p>Supportive care and administration of N-acetylcysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

    • Effective as an antipyretic, especially in various age groups, including infants and pregnant women.
    • No prolongation of bleeding time, making it safer for patients undergoing tooth extraction.
    • Significant for use in patients with contraindications to aspirin, such as those with gastric issues or certain diseases.
    • Recommended adult dosage: 325–650 mg; for children: 10–15 mg/kg, administered 3–4 times daily.
    • Acute overdose poses risk, particularly in children; symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and potentially severe liver damage within 12–18 hours.
    • Antidote for overdose: N-acetylcysteine, effective only if administered within 12-16 hours post-ingestion.

    Analgesics/NSAIDs in Dentistry Guidelines

    • For mild-to-moderate pain with minimal inflammation: recommended paracetamol or low-dose ibuprofen.
    • Following dental extractions: consider ketorolac, diclofenac, or nimesulide for short-term pain relief.
    • In patients unable to tolerate traditional NSAIDs: utilize etoricoxib or paracetamol.
    • For individuals with a history of asthma or allergic reactions to NSAIDs: nimesulide or COX-2 inhibitors are advisable.

    Mephenamic Acid (Fenamate)

    • A weak anti-inflammatory drug that also serves as an analgesic and antipyretic by inhibiting COX enzymes.
    • Absorption is slow but complete; highly protein-bound, with a half-life of 2-4 hours.
    • Major side effects include diarrhea and epigastric distress; serious complications such as haemolytic anemia are rare.
    • Indicated for muscle, joint, and soft tissue pain, as well as dental pain, with doses of 250–500 mg taken three times daily.

    Piroxicam (Enolic Acid Derivative)

    • A long-acting NSAID with strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, acting as a reversible COX inhibitor.
    • Rapidly and completely absorbed; 99% plasma protein bound with a prolonged half-life of nearly 2 days.
    • Generally well tolerated but may cause heartburn, nausea, and anorexia, less ulcerogenic than indomethacin.
    • Suitable for long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and acute gout, also applicable in dental settings.

    Selective COX-2 Inhibitors (Coxibs)

    • These inhibitors reduce production of endothelial PGI while not affecting TXA-2 synthesis, potentially increasing cardiovascular risks.
    • Should be prescribed at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration, especially in high-risk patients.
    • Examples include Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, and Parecoxib.

    Key Points on Paracetamol Pharmacokinetics

    • Well absorbed following oral administration, with about 25% protein binding and uniform distribution across body tissues.
    • Metabolized via glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugation, with rapid renal excretion and a plasma half-life of 2–3 hours.
    • Commonly used for headaches, toothaches, and musculoskeletal pain; generally well tolerated with occasional side effects like nausea and rash.

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    NSAID II PDF

    Description

    Discover the characteristics and uses of Paracetamol, including its antipyretic properties and safe usage in various populations.

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