Organic Chemistry Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is Organic Chemistry?

  • The branch of chemistry that only involves biochemistry
  • The study of inorganic substances
  • The study of all chemical compounds
  • The branch of chemistry dealing with carbon compounds (correct)

What are Saturated Hydrocarbons?

Compounds that contain only carbon-to-carbon single bonds.

What are Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?

Compounds that contain carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds.

What is the chemical element that has four electrons to share?

<p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Hydrocarbon Molecule?

<p>A molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Substituted Hydrocarbon?

<p>A hydrocarbon where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an Aliphatic Hydrocarbon?

<p>A saturated hydrocarbon that contains only hydrogen and carbon without a benzene ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an Aromatic Hydrocarbon?

<p>The presence of at least one benzene ring or similar structural feature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Benzene?

<p>A compound consisting of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Alkanes?

<p>CnH2n+2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Cycloalkanes?

<p>CnH2n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Structural Isomerism?

<p>The existence of compounds with identical molecular formulas but different structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cis-trans Isomerism?

<p>The formation of geometric isomers that differ in the arrangement of substituents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an Alkane?

<p>Saturated hydrocarbons containing only single carbon-to-carbon bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an Alkene?

<p>Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an Alkyne?

<p>Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Functional Group?

<p>An atom or group of atoms responsible for the chemical and physical properties of a molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Alcohols?

<p>Organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl group (R-OH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Carboxylic Acids?

<p>Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Esters?

<p>Organic compounds formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nomenclature for the alcohol group in an ester?

<p>'-yl'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nomenclature for the acid group in an ester?

<p>'-oate'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Aldehydes?

<p>Hydrocarbon derivatives where two hydrogen atoms attached to a terminal carbon are replaced by a double-bonded oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Ketones?

<p>Organic compounds with a carbonyl group attached to two organic radicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Ethers?

<p>Organic compounds with two alkyl groups joined to the same oxygen atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Amines?

<p>Organic compounds derived from ammonia with one or more hydrocarbons replacing hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Amides?

<p>Organic compounds that have a carbonyl nitrogen bond formed from carboxylic acid and amine reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for one carbon?

<p>'Meth-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for two carbons?

<p>'Eth-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for three carbons?

<p>'Prop-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for four carbons?

<p>'But-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for five carbons?

<p>'Pent-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for six carbons?

<p>'Hex-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for seven carbons?

<p>'Hept-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for eight carbons?

<p>'Oct-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for nine carbons?

<p>'Non-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for ten carbons?

<p>'Dec-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Organic Chemistry Overview

  • Organic Chemistry studies carbon compounds, including those not related to life.

Hydrocarbons

  • Saturated Hydrocarbon: Contains only carbon-to-carbon single bonds; most chemically inert.
  • Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: Contains carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds.

Carbon and Hydrocarbon Types

  • Carbon: Capable of sharing four electrons for stability.
  • Hydrocarbon Molecule: Composed solely of carbon and hydrogen; classified into aliphatic and aromatic.
  • Substituted Hydrocarbon: Hydrogen atoms replaced by functional groups.

Hydrocarbon Classifications

  • Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Saturated, no benzene, only carbon and maximum hydrogen.
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Contains at least one benzene ring.

Benzene Structure

  • Benzene: A ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.

Hydrocarbon Types with Formulas

  • Alkanes: General formula CnH2n+2; saturated hydrocarbons derived from methane.
  • Cycloalkanes: General formula CnH2n; cyclic saturated hydrocarbons.

Isomerism

  • Structural Isomerism: Identical molecular formulas but differing structures.
  • Cis-trans Isomerism: Geometric isomers differing in 3D arrangement due to restricted rotation.

Functional Groups and Nomenclature

  • Functional Group: Specific atom/group responsible for a molecule's chemical and physical properties; 10 total recognized.
  • Alcohols: Contain hydroxyl group (R-OH); suffix "-ol".
  • Carboxylic Acids: Contain carboxyl group; suffix "-oic acid".
  • Esters: Formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol; suffix "-oate".
  • Aldehydes: Two hydrogen atoms replaced by carbonyl group; suffix "-al".
  • Ketones: Carbonyl group attached to two organic radicals; suffix "-one".
  • Ethers: Two alkyl groups connected to the same oxygen; noted as R-O-R.
  • Amines: Derived from ammonia; prefix "amino-".
  • Amides: Contain a carbonyl-nitrogen bond formed from carboxylic acids and amines.

Carbon Prefixes

  • Meth-: 1 carbon
  • Eth-: 2 carbons
  • Prop-: 3 carbons
  • But-: 4 carbons
  • Pent-: 5 carbons
  • Hex-: 6 carbons
  • Hept-: 7 carbons
  • Oct-: 8 carbons
  • Non-: 9 carbons
  • Dec-: 10 carbons

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