Organic Chemistry Overview and Naming

A chemical reaction where an alkene reacts with bromine, resulting in the formation of a dibromoalkane. This reaction can be used to detect the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

A type of chemical reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule, without the loss of any atoms. In this case, alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid catalyst, forming an alcohol.

A type of addition reaction where many small alkene molecules join together to form a long chain polymer. This reaction requires high temperature, pressure, and a catalyst.

A compound containing a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).

A large molecule formed by the joining of many smaller repeating units called monomers.

Alkanes are generally unreactive due to strong C-H bonds.

Alkenes are highly reactive due to the presence of a double bond, making them susceptible to attack by other molecules.

A type of reaction where an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

A type of reaction where a molecule is added to a double or triple bond.

Alcohols are a type of organic compound that contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.

Ethanol can be produced through fermentation of sugars by yeast.

A hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond.

The simplest alkene with the molecular formula C2H4.

The molecular formula of an alkene can be represented as CnH2n, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms.

A structural representation of a molecule that shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds in space.

A type of isomerism where the arrangement of atoms and bonds is different.

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and bonds in space.

A straight-chain alkene with the molecular formula C4H8.

A branched-chain alkene with the molecular formula C4H8, a structural isomer of butene.

The physical properties of alkenes are influenced by the number of carbon atoms and the presence of the double bond.

A diagram that represents the arrangement of electrons in a molecule, showing shared and unshared electrons.

The process where ethene reacts with steam in the presence of a catalyst (phosphoric acid) and high temperature and pressure to produce ethanol.

A process where microorganisms (like yeast) break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Ethanol is a versatile chemical with various applications, including as an ingredient in alcoholic beverages, a solvent for various substances, and a biofuel.

Methanol is the simplest alcohol, having one carbon atom and a hydroxyl group (OH).

Ethanol has two carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group (OH).

Propanol has three carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group (OH).

Butanol has four carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group (OH).

As the carbon chain in alcohols gets longer, their solubility in water decreases, while their boiling point increases.

The attraction between molecules in a substance increases as you move down the homologous series of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, etc.) because the molecules become larger and have stronger temporary dipole-induced dipole interactions, leading to higher boiling points and changed solubility.

Alcohols are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This functional group imparts unique properties to alcohols.

The complete oxidation of a primary alcohol, such as ethanol, results in the formation of a carboxylic acid and water. The process involves the breaking of C-H bonds and the formation of C=O bonds.

Combustion of alcohols is a reaction with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor. This exothermic reaction releases energy in the form of heat and light.

Solubility of alcohols in water decreases as the hydrocarbon chain length increases. The -OH group contributes to water solubility, but the longer non-polar hydrocarbon chain reduces it.

Primary alcohols have the -OH group attached to a carbon atom that is directly bonded to only one other carbon atom. This structural feature differentiates them from secondary and tertiary alcohols.

The structural formula for an alcohol with the molecular formula C4H10O can be represented as CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (butanol). It is a primary alcohol with four carbon atoms.

Butanol is a liquid at room temperature and is slightly soluble in water due to its longer carbon chain. It undergoes combustion to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. This is a chemical property.

Carboxylic acids are weak acids that only partially ionize in water, meaning they release hydrogen ions (H+) to a limited extent. This is represented by the equilibrium reaction of ethanoic acid, where it exists in both ionized and unionized forms.

The boiling point of carboxylic acids increases as the carbon chain length increases. This is because the intermolecular forces (forces between molecules) become stronger with a longer chain. Larger molecules have more surface contact and stronger van der waals forces.

Carboxylic acids react with various substances due to their acidic nature. They react with reactive metals, carbonates, and bases, producing salts and other products. This is due to the presence of a carboxyl group (COOH) which can donate a proton (H+).

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols (like ethanol) in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g., concentrated sulfuric acid) to form esters and water. This reaction is called esterification.

The salts produced from reactions of carboxylic acids with metals or bases are called carboxylates. For example, sodium ethanoate is a carboxylate salt formed from the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium hydroxide.

Carboxylic acids are generally soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl group (COOH) and the water molecules. However, solubility decreases as the carbon chain length increases.

Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It ionizes only partially in aqueous solution, meaning it doesn't fully break down into its ions.

The salts of ethanoic acid are specifically called ethanoates. Sodium ethanoate and magnesium ethanoate are examples of such salts.