Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason why urea is insoluble in petroleum ether?
The nonpolar nature of petroleum ether
Why does sodium nitrate dissolve well in water?
Because the polar water molecules can surround and separate the Na+ and NO3- ions
What is the expected solubility of naphthalene in petroleum ether?
Soluble, due to the similarity in polarity between naphthalene and petroleum ether
What is the definition of boiling point?
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Why does petroleum ether support the dissolution of naphthalene?
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What is the expected solubility of urea in water?
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What is the main purpose of qualitative analysis in organic chemistry?
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What is the principle behind the solubility of organic compounds?
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What happens when naphthalene (nonpolar) is added to distilled water?
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Which of the following elements is always present in organic compounds?
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Which of the following elements is not commonly found in organic compounds?
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What is the main reason why naphthalene is expected to show poor solubility in water?
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What is the characteristic of urea that allows it to be highly soluble in water?
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What is the main difference between the bonding in organic and inorganic compounds?
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What is the general characteristic of organic compounds in terms of their reaction rate?
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What is the primary reason why sodium nitrate is soluble in water?
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What is the general characteristic of inorganic compounds in terms of their structure?
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What is the primary reason for the increase in boiling points of larger molecules?
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Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the high boiling and melting points of n-Butyl Alcohol?
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What is the primary reason for the lower boiling point of tert-Butyl Alcohol compared to n-Butyl Alcohol?
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Why do linear molecules tend to have higher boiling and melting points compared to their branched counterparts?
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What is the primary reason for the high melting point of Salicylic Acid?
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Which of the following molecules is expected to have a higher boiling point due to its molecular structure?
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What is the main reason for the higher melting point of stearic acid?
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What is the purpose of the Beilstein test?
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What is the indication of a green flame in the Beilstein test?
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What is the purpose of the silver nitrate test?
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What is the observation that confirms the presence of sulfur in the lead acetate test?
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What is the reason for the elevated melting point of benzoic acid?
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Study Notes
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
- Melting Point (MP) and Boiling Point (BP) are influenced by intermolecular forces and molecular structure
- Higher MP and BP are influenced by:
- Hydrogen bonding (e.g., Stearic Acid)
- Aromatic ring and capability of hydrogen bonding (e.g., Benzoic Acid)
- Van der Waals forces and surface area (e.g., Stearic Acid)
- Compact, branched structure (e.g., tert-Butyl Alcohol)
Solubility of Organic Compounds
- "Like dissolves like" - similar polarities are soluble in one another
- Solubility in water (polar):
- Urea (polar) is highly soluble due to hydrogen bonding with water molecules
- Sodium Nitrate (polar) is highly soluble due to ionic dissociation
- Naphthalene (nonpolar) is insoluble due to lack of interaction with water molecules
- Solubility in petroleum ether (nonpolar):
- Naphthalene (nonpolar) is highly soluble due to similar polarity
- Urea (polar) and Sodium Nitrate (polar) are insoluble due to lack of favorable interactions
Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
- Detection of halogens: Beilstein test (halogen), Silver Nitrate test (chloride ions)
- Detection of oxygen: Radtke Ferroix test
- Detection of sulfur: Lead Acetate test
Properties of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Organic compounds:
- Always contain carbon, often contain hydrogen
- May contain oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, sulfur, and phosphorus
- Have low melting and boiling points
- Are mostly insoluble in water
- Are combustible, flammable, and non-electrolytes
- Often exhibit isomerism
- Inorganic compounds:
- Are non-flammable
- Have ionic bonds and are soluble in water
- Are electrolytes with high melting and boiling points
- Have simpler structures and rarely exhibit isomerism
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