10 Questions
Which type of isomerism is specifically mentioned in the text?
Geometric isomerism
In the context of organic molecules, what does E/Z notation refer to?
Geometric isomerism
What is the impact of bonding on the geometry of organic molecules?
It influences the shape and structure
How many hydrogen atoms are bonded to a high carbon atom as mentioned in the text?
3
What type of isomerism involves differences in the positioning of functional groups?
Position isomerism
How many atoms are bonded to a low carbon atom as per the provided text?
1
'Low 48' in the text most likely refers to what aspect of the molecule?
'Low' carbon's valency
'High C = 12' suggests what about this particular carbon atom's bonding?
'High C' bonds with more than one type of atom
'Bonds to: H, H, Cl' refers to what type of atom bonding?
'Bonds to: H, H, Cl' suggests covalent bonding
'Low H=1 C = 12 High C = 12 C = 12' likely refers to what aspect of these carbon atoms?
'High C' has higher hybridization than 'Low H'
Study Notes
Organic Analysis
- Functional group tests:
- Alkene: Bromine water (orange → colourless)
- Aldehyde: Tollen's reagent (colourless → silver mirror), Fehling's solution (colourless → red ppt)
- Ketone: No reaction with Tollen's reagent or Fehling's solution
- Carboxylic acid: pH indicator (pH 3-6)
- Haloalkane: Silver nitrate/ammonia (white/cream/yellow ppt)
- Tests for specific functional groups:
- Alkene: Bromine water
- Aldehyde: Tollen's reagent, Fehling's solution
- Ketone: No reaction with Tollen's reagent or Fehling's solution
- Carboxylic acid: pH indicator
- Haloalkane: Silver nitrate/ammonia
Isomerism
- Isomers: molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms
- Types of isomerism:
- Structural isomerism (chain, position, functional group)
- Stereoisomerism (geometric, optical)
Structural Isomerism
- Chain isomerism: different arrangements of carbon chain
- Position isomerism: functional group on different atom on chain
- Functional group isomerism: different functional groups with the same general formula
- Examples:
- Alkanes/cycloalkanes (e.g. pentane, 2-methylbutane)
- Alcohols/ethers (e.g. butan-2-ol, methoxypropane)
- Carboxylic acids/esters (e.g. propanoic acid, methylethanoate)
- Aldehydes/ketones (e.g. butanal, butanone)
Stereoisomerism
- Geometric isomerism: E/Z notation for alkenes
- E/Z isomerism rules:
- Split the molecule down the middle, perpendicular to the double bond
- Compare atomic numbers of atoms connected to each carbon
- Prioritize higher atomic numbers
- Assign E or Z notation based on priority
Geometric Isomerism
- CIS/TRANS notation for simple alkenes
- E/Z notation for more complex alkenes
- Examples:
- cis-1,2-dichloroethane
- trans-1,2-dichloroethane
- Z-1,2-dichloroethane
- E-1,2-dichloroethane
Test your knowledge on identifying and distinguishing various organic functional groups such as alkenes/cycloalkanes, alcohols/ethers, carboxylic acids/esters, and ketones/aldehydes. Understand the differences in structure and reactivity between different functional groups in organic chemistry.
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