Functional Groups and Hydrocarbons

Functional Groups

• Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
• Alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, thiols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and amides are examples of functional groups.

Alkenes

• Contain only carbon and hydrogen (C, H).
• Have a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) in the molecule.
• Are nonpolar.
• Are not water-soluble.
• Use the suffix "-ene" in their names.
• The carbon chain needs to be numbered to indicate the position of the carbon-carbon double bond.
• Functional groups (FG's) take priority over branches when numbering the carbon chain.

Alkynes

• Contain only carbon and hydrogen (C, H).
• Contain a carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C) in the molecule.
• Are nonpolar.
• Are not water-soluble.
• Use the suffix "-yne" in their names.

Alcohols

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O).
• Contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom.
• Are not bases because they are not ionic hydroxides.
• Are polar.
• Alcohols with four or fewer carbons are water-soluble.
• Use the suffix "-anol" in their names.

Thiols

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur (C, H, S).
• Contain a sulfhydryl group (-SH) bonded to a carbon atom.
• Are slightly polar.
• Are slightly soluble in water.
• Have a skunk-like odor.

Ethers

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O).
• Contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
• Are slightly polar.
• Are not water-soluble.
• Are named differently due to the breaking of the carbon chain by the oxygen atom.
• Each carbon chain connected to the oxygen is named as a branch (ending in -yl).
• Different-sized carbon chains are listed alphabetically.
• Use the term "ether" as a separate word in the name.

Aldehydes and Ketones

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O).
• Aldehydes have a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain.
• Ketones have a carbonyl group (C=O) on an interior carbon atom.
• Are polar.
• Aldehydes and ketones with four or fewer carbons are typically not water-soluble,
• Aldehydes use the suffix "-anal".
• Ketones use the suffix "-anone".
• Location of the functional group requires a number in names for ketones, but not for aldehydes.

Carboxylic Acids

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O).
• Have a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end of a carbon chain.
• Are polar.
• Carboxylic acids with four or fewer carbons are water-soluble.
• Use the suffix "-anoic acid" in their names.
• Have a noticeable, sometimes unpleasant, odor.

Esters

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O).
• Are formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
• Are slightly polar.
• Are not water-soluble.
• Are named using the alcohol component as a branch (-yl) and the carboxylic acid component as the main chain (-anoate).

Amines

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (C, H, N).
• Have a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more carbon atoms.
• Are polar.
• Amines with four or fewer carbons are water-soluble.
• Use the suffix "-amine" in their names.
• Have a characteristic odor, often compared to decaying flesh.

Amides

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (C, H, N, O).
• Are formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine.
• Are slightly polar.
• Are not water-soluble.

This quiz explores the diverse categories of functional groups in organic chemistry, focusing on alkenes, alkynes, and alcohols. You'll learn about the structural features that define these groups and their chemical properties. Test your understanding of how to identify and name various functional groups effectively.