Organic Chemistry Flashcards Set Two

Study Notes

Carbon

Essential chemical element with atomic number 6, found in CO2 and carbon monoxide.
Vital for life, prevalent in coal.

Chirality

Refers to objects that are mirror images but not identical, exemplified by human hands.

Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

Dehydration synthesis involves loss of a water molecule, facilitating the formation of larger molecules.
Hydrolysis adds water to break down compounds, reversing the dehydration process.

Polysaccharides vs. Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides are large molecules made of monosaccharide units (simple sugars).
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of polysaccharides.

Glucose

A simple sugar crucial for energy, found in plants, forming a key component of carbohydrates.

Proteins

Macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Essential for muscle repair and growth.

Carboxyl Group vs. Hydroxyl Group

Carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group bonded to the same carbon atom.
Hydroxyl group features an oxygen bonded to hydrogen, can form hydroxide ions in ionic bonds.

Benedict's Reagent

Chemical solution that changes color in the presence of reducing sugars like glucose.
Used in clinical tests for diabetes, consists of sodium potassium citrate, sodium carbonate, and copper sulfate.

Fatty Acids

Long chain hydrocarbons derived from fat breakdown, containing one carboxylic group and an aliphatic tail.

Tetravalent

Carbon's valence of four highlights its ability to form four bonds, facilitating diverse compound structures.

Functional Groups

Alkane refers to hydrocarbons that exhibit predictable interactions between hydrogen and carbon.

Carbohydrates

Nutrient compounds comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; primary energy source for the body.
Bread is a common example of carbohydrate-rich food.

Alpha vs. Beta Glycosidic Linkage

Alpha glycosidic linkages connect glucose units to form starches; digestible by humans.
Beta glycosidic linkages connect glucose to form cellulose; indigestible.

Lactose

Disaccharide formed from glucose and galactose; requires lactase for breakdown, not particularly sweet.

Amino Acids

Basic building blocks of proteins containing carboxyl and amine functional groups.
20 essential amino acids are required for proper bodily functions; phenylalanine is one example.

Dipeptide vs. Polypeptide

Dipeptides consist of two amino acids joined by removing an -OH and an -H, forming water.
Polypeptides are longer chains of amino acids forming proteins.

Lugol's Solution

A brown solution of iodine and potassium iodide, utilized in medical applications.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats have single bonds, resulting in solid forms like butter.
Unsaturated fats contain double or triple bonds, often liquid like oils, typically sourced from plants or aquatic life.

Description

Explore key concepts in organic chemistry with this flashcard set. From the crucial element carbon to the concept of chirality and the comparison of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, this quiz will enhance your understanding of organic compounds. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in organic chemistry.