Organic Chemistry Chapter 7 Quiz

Questions and Answers

What are alkyl halides?

Organic molecules containing a halogen atom X bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom.

What is the classification of alkyl halides?

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

All of the above (correct)

What are the 4 types of organic halides having the halogen atom in close proximity to a pi bond?

Vinyl, aryl, allylic, and benzylic.

What are vinyl halides?

X atom bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond. Signup and view all the answers

What are aryl halides?

X atom bonded to a benzene ring. Signup and view all the answers

What is an allylic halide?

X atom bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benzylic halide?

X atom bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to a benzene ring. Signup and view all the answers

What is a halo alkane?

An alkyl halide named as an alkane with a halogen substituent. Signup and view all the answers

How do you name a halogen substituent?

Change the -ine ending of the name to the suffix -o. Signup and view all the answers

Common names for alkyl halides are used only for?

Simple alkyl halides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper common name for a simple alkyl halide?

Change the -ine suffix of a halogen to -ide and combine the names of the alkyl group and halide. Signup and view all the answers

What intermolecular force do alkyl halides exhibit?

Dipole-dipole interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Why do alkyl halides exhibit dipole-dipole interactions?

Because of their polar C-X bond; they are weakly polar molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Why are alkyl halides incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding?

Because the rest of the molecule contains only C-C and C-H bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds come from dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding?

Covalent compounds. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dipole-dipole interaction?

Attraction between polar molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrogen bonding?

Electrostatic attraction of a lone pair electron of heteroatom and hydrogen. Signup and view all the answers

How is Functional Group Priority assigned?

It is assigned by highest preceding group. Signup and view all the answers

What are the physical properties of alkyl halides?

Boiling point (bp) and melting point (mp). Signup and view all the answers

Does an alkyl halide with the same number of carbons as another compound have a higher or lower bp/mp?

Higher; alkyl halides have higher bp's and mp's than alkanes with the same number of carbons. Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of R influence bp and mp?

Bp and mp increase as the size of R increases. Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of X influence bp and mp?

Bp and mp increase as the size of X increases. Signup and view all the answers

What do the properties of alkyl halides dictate?

Their reactivity. Signup and view all the answers

What does the electronegative halogen (X) create?

A polar C-X bond, which makes the carbon atom electron deficient. Signup and view all the answers

What reactions do alkyl halides undergo?

Substitution and elimination. Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleophile?

An electron-rich atom or a group of atoms that donates a pair of electrons to electrophilic carbon to form a new covalent bond. Signup and view all the answers

What is nucleophilic substitution?

A reaction in which one nucleophile is substituted for another. Signup and view all the answers

What is elimination in organic chemistry?

The removal of atoms or groups from adjacent carbon atoms by extracting hydrogen to form alkenes. Signup and view all the answers

What happens as the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms increases?

The bond becomes more polar. Signup and view all the answers

What is a good leaving group?

A weaker base. Signup and view all the answers

In equilibrium, what does the reaction favor?

The weaker base. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of nucleophiles?

Nucleophiles and bases. Signup and view all the answers

What do nucleophiles attack?

Other electron deficient atoms (usually carbon). Signup and view all the answers

What do bases attack?

Protons. Signup and view all the answers

What is steric hindrance?

A decrease in reactivity resulting from the presence of bulky groups at the site of a reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What decreases nucleophilicity but not basicity?

Steric hindrance. Signup and view all the answers

Why does steric hindrance decrease nucleophilicity?

Nucleophiles attack a crowded carbon, so bulky groups decrease reactivity. Signup and view all the answers

Why doesn't steric hindrance decrease basicity?

Because bases pull off small, easily accessible protons, they are unaffected by steric hindrance. Signup and view all the answers

What do nucleophiles depend on in a substitution reaction?

Solvents. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of solvents?

Polar protic and polar aprotic. Signup and view all the answers

What defines polar protic solvents?

Contain O-H or N-H. Signup and view all the answers

What defines polar aprotic solvents?

Do not have O-H and N-H bonds. Signup and view all the answers

How does nucleophilicity behave in polar protic solvents?

Nucleophilicity increases with increasing size of an anion (opposite to basicity). Signup and view all the answers

What product is formed from an Sn2 reaction?

Backside attack or inversion of configuration. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Alkyl Halides

Organic molecules with a halogen atom (X) bonded to sp3 hybridized carbon.
Classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon connected to the halogen.

Types of Organic Halides

Vinyl halides: Halogen bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond.
Aryl halides: Halogen bonded to a benzene ring.
Allylic halides: Halogen bonded to the adjacent carbon to a double bond.
Benzylic halides: Halogen bonded to the carbon next to a benzene ring.

Naming Conventions

Alkyl halides are named like alkanes with a halogen substituent referred to as halo alkanes.
For halogen substituents, change -ine suffix to -o.
Common names are typically used for simple alkyl halides.

Intermolecular Forces

Alkyl halides experience dipole-dipole interactions due to polar C-X bonds.
Lack of hydrogen bonding capability because of only C-C and C-H bonds present.

Physical Properties

Alkyl halides have higher boiling and melting points than alkanes with the same number of carbons.
Boiling point and melting point increase with larger R groups and halogen size.

Reactivity and Reactions

Reactivity governed by properties of alkyl halides.
Polar C-X bond creates an electron-deficient carbon.
Undergo substitution and elimination reactions.

Nucleophiles

Electron-rich species that donate electron pairs to electrophilic carbon centers.
Nucleophilic substitution involves one nucleophile replacing another.
Elimination removes atoms/groups to form alkenes via acid-base chemistry.

Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

Greater electronegativity difference in bonded atoms results in increased bond polarity.
A good leaving group is a weaker base, favoring equilibrium toward the weaker base.

Nucleophilicity and Basicity

Nucleophiles generally attack electron-deficient atoms, while bases target protons.
Steric hindrance reduces nucleophilicity due to bulky groups obstructing reactivity but does not impact basicity.

Solvent Effects

Nucleophile behavior in substitution reactions depends on the solvent type—polar protic or polar aprotic.
Polar protic solvents contain O-H or N-H bonds, enhancing nucleophilicity with larger anions.
Polar aprotic solvents lack O-H and N-H bonds, with a different influence on nucleophilicity.

Reaction Mechanisms

SN2 reactions result in backside attack or inversion of configuration at the carbon center.

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Test your knowledge on Chapter 7 of Organic Chemistry with these flashcards. This quiz covers key concepts such as alkyl halides, their classifications, and types of organic halides. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of organic molecules.