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Questions and Answers
What are alkyl halides?
What are alkyl halides?
Organic molecules containing a halogen atom X bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom.
What is the classification of alkyl halides?
What is the classification of alkyl halides?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- All of the above (correct)
What are the 4 types of organic halides having the halogen atom in close proximity to a pi bond?
What are the 4 types of organic halides having the halogen atom in close proximity to a pi bond?
Vinyl, aryl, allylic, and benzylic.
What are vinyl halides?
What are vinyl halides?
What are aryl halides?
What are aryl halides?
What is an allylic halide?
What is an allylic halide?
What is a benzylic halide?
What is a benzylic halide?
What is a halo alkane?
What is a halo alkane?
How do you name a halogen substituent?
How do you name a halogen substituent?
Common names for alkyl halides are used only for?
Common names for alkyl halides are used only for?
What is the proper common name for a simple alkyl halide?
What is the proper common name for a simple alkyl halide?
What intermolecular force do alkyl halides exhibit?
What intermolecular force do alkyl halides exhibit?
Why do alkyl halides exhibit dipole-dipole interactions?
Why do alkyl halides exhibit dipole-dipole interactions?
Why are alkyl halides incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding?
Why are alkyl halides incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding?
What type of compounds come from dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding?
What type of compounds come from dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding?
What is a dipole-dipole interaction?
What is a dipole-dipole interaction?
What is hydrogen bonding?
What is hydrogen bonding?
How is Functional Group Priority assigned?
How is Functional Group Priority assigned?
What are the physical properties of alkyl halides?
What are the physical properties of alkyl halides?
Does an alkyl halide with the same number of carbons as another compound have a higher or lower bp/mp?
Does an alkyl halide with the same number of carbons as another compound have a higher or lower bp/mp?
How does the size of R influence bp and mp?
How does the size of R influence bp and mp?
How does the size of X influence bp and mp?
How does the size of X influence bp and mp?
What do the properties of alkyl halides dictate?
What do the properties of alkyl halides dictate?
What does the electronegative halogen (X) create?
What does the electronegative halogen (X) create?
What reactions do alkyl halides undergo?
What reactions do alkyl halides undergo?
What is a nucleophile?
What is a nucleophile?
What is nucleophilic substitution?
What is nucleophilic substitution?
What is elimination in organic chemistry?
What is elimination in organic chemistry?
What happens as the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms increases?
What happens as the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms increases?
What is a good leaving group?
What is a good leaving group?
In equilibrium, what does the reaction favor?
In equilibrium, what does the reaction favor?
What are the types of nucleophiles?
What are the types of nucleophiles?
What do nucleophiles attack?
What do nucleophiles attack?
What do bases attack?
What do bases attack?
What is steric hindrance?
What is steric hindrance?
What decreases nucleophilicity but not basicity?
What decreases nucleophilicity but not basicity?
Why does steric hindrance decrease nucleophilicity?
Why does steric hindrance decrease nucleophilicity?
Why doesn't steric hindrance decrease basicity?
Why doesn't steric hindrance decrease basicity?
What do nucleophiles depend on in a substitution reaction?
What do nucleophiles depend on in a substitution reaction?
What are the types of solvents?
What are the types of solvents?
What defines polar protic solvents?
What defines polar protic solvents?
What defines polar aprotic solvents?
What defines polar aprotic solvents?
How does nucleophilicity behave in polar protic solvents?
How does nucleophilicity behave in polar protic solvents?
What product is formed from an Sn2 reaction?
What product is formed from an Sn2 reaction?
Study Notes
Alkyl Halides
- Organic molecules with a halogen atom (X) bonded to sp3 hybridized carbon.
- Classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon connected to the halogen.
Types of Organic Halides
- Vinyl halides: Halogen bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond.
- Aryl halides: Halogen bonded to a benzene ring.
- Allylic halides: Halogen bonded to the adjacent carbon to a double bond.
- Benzylic halides: Halogen bonded to the carbon next to a benzene ring.
Naming Conventions
- Alkyl halides are named like alkanes with a halogen substituent referred to as halo alkanes.
- For halogen substituents, change -ine suffix to -o.
- Common names are typically used for simple alkyl halides.
Intermolecular Forces
- Alkyl halides experience dipole-dipole interactions due to polar C-X bonds.
- Lack of hydrogen bonding capability because of only C-C and C-H bonds present.
Physical Properties
- Alkyl halides have higher boiling and melting points than alkanes with the same number of carbons.
- Boiling point and melting point increase with larger R groups and halogen size.
Reactivity and Reactions
- Reactivity governed by properties of alkyl halides.
- Polar C-X bond creates an electron-deficient carbon.
- Undergo substitution and elimination reactions.
Nucleophiles
- Electron-rich species that donate electron pairs to electrophilic carbon centers.
- Nucleophilic substitution involves one nucleophile replacing another.
- Elimination removes atoms/groups to form alkenes via acid-base chemistry.
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
- Greater electronegativity difference in bonded atoms results in increased bond polarity.
- A good leaving group is a weaker base, favoring equilibrium toward the weaker base.
Nucleophilicity and Basicity
- Nucleophiles generally attack electron-deficient atoms, while bases target protons.
- Steric hindrance reduces nucleophilicity due to bulky groups obstructing reactivity but does not impact basicity.
Solvent Effects
- Nucleophile behavior in substitution reactions depends on the solvent type—polar protic or polar aprotic.
- Polar protic solvents contain O-H or N-H bonds, enhancing nucleophilicity with larger anions.
- Polar aprotic solvents lack O-H and N-H bonds, with a different influence on nucleophilicity.
Reaction Mechanisms
- SN2 reactions result in backside attack or inversion of configuration at the carbon center.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 7 of Organic Chemistry with these flashcards. This quiz covers key concepts such as alkyl halides, their classifications, and types of organic halides. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of organic molecules.
