Functional Groups 5

Hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond.

An alkyne with a triple bond at the end of the molecule.

Hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom in a terminal alkyne.

A substance consisting of very large molecules made from repeating subunits.

A repeating subunit in a polymer.

The process of joining monomers to form a polymer.

Polymerization where the growth of the polymer chain proceeds by reactions between monomers and reactive sites.

Polymerization where bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form longer oligomers.

A polymer with a regular, repetitive arrangement of atoms, leading to regions of order or crystallinity.

A polymer that lacks a regular atomic arrangement; regions without order.

The extent to which a polymer has ordered regions (crystallites).

While polymer size affects physical properties like melting point, it has minimal effect on basic chemical reactivity.

Regions within a solid where molecules are arranged in a highly ordered, repeating pattern. This structure contributes to the material's physical properties.

A type of polystyrene where the arrangement of its monomers is random and irregular, resulting in an amorphous (non-crystalline) structure.

A type of polystyrene with alternating monomers, creating a more ordered structure with the potential to form crystalline regions.

The regularity and symmetry of a polymer's structure influence its ability to form crystalline domains. Highly regular and symmetrical polymers pack more easily into crystals.

Polymers are extensively used in pharmaceutical formulations for drug protection, controlled release, targeted delivery, and improved bioavailability.

Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. This triple bond consists of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

An alkyne with the triple bond at the end of the molecule is a "terminal alkyne".

Hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atom involved in a terminal alkyne are called "acetylenic hydrogens".

Terminal alkynes are acidic, meaning their end hydrogen can be removed by strong bases like organolithiums.

Polymers are large molecules made up of many repeating subunits called 'monomers'.

The process of joining monomers to form polymers is called 'polymerization'.

Chain-reaction polymerization involves the growth of a polymer chain by reactions between monomers and reactive sites on the chain.

Step-reaction polymerization involves bi-functional or multifunctional monomers reacting to form longer oligomers.

The regularity and symmetry of a polymer's structure influence its ability to form crystalline domains. Highly regular and symmetrical polymers pack more easily into crystals.

The size of a polymer has minimal impact on its chemical reactivity. It primarily affects the physical properties.

A polymer's molecular structure plays a crucial role in determining its ability to form crystalline regions. Highly symmetrical and regular structures promote crystallinity.

Crystallinity influences a polymer's physical properties, such as tensile strength, melting point, and transparency.

A class of antibacterial drugs that inhibit the synthesis of folic acid, a vital nutrient for bacterial growth. They work by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase.

A red dye that was discovered to have antibacterial properties in the 1930s. Prontosil is not itself antibacterial, but it is metabolized in the body to produce sulfanilamide, which is the active antibacterial agent.

The active metabolite of Prontosil, a simple sulfa drug that acts as an antibacterial agent by preventing the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria.

A general chemical formula for the sulfa drug family, indicating their common structural features – a benzene ring substituted with an amino group and a sulfonamide group.

A key ingredient for bacteria to synthesize folic acid. Sulfa drugs block PABA's access to the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, preventing folic acid production.

An enzyme responsible for incorporating PABA into a folic acid molecule. Sulfa drugs act by competing with PABA for this enzyme, stopping folic acid synthesis.

The study of how changes in the chemical structure of a molecule influence its biological activity, specifically in this context, how altering the structure of sulfa drugs affects their antibacterial potency.

Sulfonamides possess acidic properties due to the presence of the sulfonamide group (SO2NH2), which can donate a proton (H+). The acidity can influence its solubility and ability to interact with other molecules within the body.