Organic Chemistry Basics

Organic Chemistry

• Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical properties and reactivity.
  • Examples: hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2)
• Nomenclature: Systematic naming of organic compounds using IUPAC rules.
  • Examples: methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), butane (C4H10)
• Isomerism: Existence of multiple compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
  • Types: structural isomerism, stereoisomerism, and conformational isomerism
• Reaction Mechanisms: Steps involved in a chemical reaction, including reactants, intermediates, and products.
  • Examples: substitution, elimination, and addition reactions

Cell Biology

• Cell Structure: Components of a cell, including:
  • Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell
  • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell
  • Nucleus: controls cell growth and reproduction
  • Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell
• Cellular Transport: Movement of molecules across the cell membrane.
  • Types: passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (carrier proteins)
• Cell Division: Process of cell growth and reproduction, including:
  • Mitosis: division of somatic cells
  • Meiosis: division of sex cells (gametes)

General Knowledge Quizzes

• Scientific Method: Steps involved in the scientific process, including:
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Prediction
  4. Experimentation
  5. Analysis
  6. Conclusion
• SI Units: International System of Units used in science, including:
  • Meter (m) for length
  • Gram (g) for mass
  • Liter (L) for volume
• Famous Scientists: Contributions of notable scientists, including:
  • Isaac Newton (laws of motion)
  • Albert Einstein (theory of relativity)
  • Marie Curie (radioactivity)

Organic Chemistry

• Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that determine a molecule's chemical properties and reactivity.
• Hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and amino (-NH2) are examples of functional groups.
• IUPAC rules provide a systematic naming system for organic compounds, with examples including methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and butane (C4H10).
• Isomerism occurs when multiple compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures.
• Types of isomerism include structural isomerism, stereoisomerism, and conformational isomerism.
• Reaction mechanisms involve the steps of a chemical reaction, including reactants, intermediates, and products.
• Examples of reaction mechanisms include substitution, elimination, and addition reactions.

Cell Biology

Cell Structure

• The plasma membrane is a semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell.
• Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside the cell.
• The nucleus controls cell growth and reproduction.
• Mitochondria generate energy for the cell.

Cellular Transport

• Cellular transport involves the movement of molecules across the cell membrane.
• Passive transport types include diffusion and osmosis.
• Active transport involves carrier proteins.

Cell Division

• Cell division is the process of cell growth and reproduction.
• Mitosis is the division of somatic cells.
• Meiosis is the division of sex cells (gametes).

General Knowledge Quizzes

Scientific Method

• The scientific method involves a series of steps, including:
  • Observation
  • Hypothesis
  • Prediction
  • Experimentation
  • Analysis
  • Conclusion

SI Units

• The International System of Units (SI Units) is used in science.
• Meter (m) is the unit of length.
• Gram (g) is the unit of mass.
• Liter (L) is the unit of volume.

Famous Scientists

• Isaac Newton is known for his laws of motion.
• Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity.
• Marie Curie discovered radioactivity.