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Questions and Answers
What is the functional group in carboxylic acids?
What is the functional group in esters?
How are the side chains named in an organic compound?
What is the purpose of numbering the carbons in an organic compound?
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What is the name of the compound with the molecular formula C₄H₁₀?
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What is the difference between structural isomers?
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What is the purpose of naming the compound after the longest chain of carbons?
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What is the functional group in aldehydes?
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What is the minimum number of bonds that carbon can form?
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What is the term for an organic compound that contains a CHO group at the end of the molecule?
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What is the name of the group that an organic compound is split into, based on the type of bonds that carbon forms?
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What is the term for an organic compound that contains a triple bond?
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What determines the 1st part of an organic compound's name?
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What is the name of the type of bond that carbon forms with hydrogen in an alkane?
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Study Notes
Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which are essential for all living things.
- Carbon has a valency of 4, allowing it to form 4 bonds.
- Organic compounds can be synthesized in a lab and are used in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, fibers, and fuels.
Carbon Chains and Rings
- Carbon can form stable chains and rings, allowing for the existence of millions of organic compounds.
- Carbon chains can be straight or branched, and can have different lengths.
Naming Organic Compounds
- The name of an organic compound is based on the number of carbons present, the type of bonds formed, and the functional group present.
- The number of carbons present in the main chain determines the 1st part of the compound's name:
- 1 carbon: meth
- 2 carbons: eth
- 3 carbons: prop
- 4 carbons: but
- 5 carbons: pent
- 6 carbons: hex
- 7 carbons: hept
- 8 carbons: oct
- 9 carbons: non
- 10 carbons: dec
- The functional group contributes to the 2nd part of the name:
- Alkanes: (al)
- Alkenes: (ene)
- Alkynes: (yne)
- Alcohols: (ol)
- Aldehydes: (al)
- Ketones: (one)
- Carboxylic Acids: (oic acid)
- Esters: (oate)
Functional Groups
- Alkanes: C-C and C-H single bonds only
- Alkenes: has a C=C double bond
- Alkynes: has a triple bond
- Alcohols: contains an OH (hydroxyl group)
- Aldehydes: contains a CHO group at the end of the molecule
- Ketones: C=O cannot be at either end of the molecule, must be in the middle
- Carboxylic Acids: COOH group at the end of the molecule
- Esters: COOC in the middle of the molecule
- Aromatic Compounds: contain a benzene ring in their structure
Naming Esters
- 1st part: the name of the alcohol component
- 2nd part: the name of the acid component
Side Chains
- Side chains come off the main carbon chain and play a part in naming an organic compound
- An alkyl group can be:
- Methyl: CH₃
- Ethyl: C₂H₅
- Propyl: C₂H₇
- Halogens can also occur in organic compounds:
- Chloro: Cl
- Bromo: Br
- Iodo: I
Naming Compounds with Side Chains
- Naming the side chain:
- If two identical side chains exist, a di prefix is given to the side chain and the positions of these side groups must be recorded
- Assigning positions to the side chains:
- The carbons are numbered starting from the end that gives the side chain the lowest possible numbers
- The name of the compound is based on the positions of the side chains
Bonding Position
- The position of the functional group in alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, and ketones affects the naming of the compound
- The position of the double bond in alkenes and alkynes does not change the compound's name
The Longest Carbon Chain
- Organic molecules must be named after the longest chain of carbons
- The longest chain of carbons determines the 1st part of the compound's name
Structural Isomers
- Structural Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
- Example: butane (C₄H₁₀) and 2-methylpropane (C₄H₁₀) are structural isomers
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Description
Learn about the basics of organic chemistry, including the properties of carbon and its ability to form chains and rings, and its applications in industry.
