Organic Chemistry Basics
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Questions and Answers

What term describes molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen?

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Polymers
  • Hydrocarbons (correct)

    • Functional groups do not affect the chemical properties of organic molecules.

    False

    What are the four classes of biological monomers?

    Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

    Organic molecules contain ______ carbon.

    <p>carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of biological monomer with its description:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Compounds that provide energy and structural components Lipids = Fats and oils that store energy and form membranes Proteins = Made of amino acids, they serve various functions Nucleic acids = Molecules that store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest form of carbohydrates?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroid hormones are not modified structures based on cholesterol.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process links monosaccharides into more complex carbohydrates?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed during dehydration synthesis of amino acids?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All proteins exhibit quaternary structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

    <p>Gene sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The water-insoluble proteins that form long parallel bundles are known as __________ proteins.

    <p>fibrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary structure = Amino acid sequence Secondary structure = Repeating folds (α-helices, β-sheets) Tertiary structure = Three-dimensional shape Quaternary structure = Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interactions are important for stabilizing the tertiary structure of a protein?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Denatured proteins are biologically active.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are antibodies and most enzymes categorized as?

    <p>Globular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formation of __________ bridges occurs between sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

    <p>disulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of protein structure?

    <p>Linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes prothrombin?

    <p>Inactive form of thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA contains uracil (U) in its structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major types of RNA?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA undergoes __________ to create RNA.

    <p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of nucleic acids with their characteristics:

    <p>A = Purine T = Pyrimidine C = Single-ring base G = Double-ring base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the backbone structure of nucleic acids made up of?

    <p>Phosphate groups and pentose sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is a single-stranded molecule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during DNA replication?

    <p>A new copy of the double helix is made using one strand as a template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The monomers of nucleic acids are called __________.

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>Francis Crick and James Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary biological role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

    <p>Energy currency of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is produced by endergonic reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ATP during hydrolysis?

    <p>It loses a terminal phosphate group and releases energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is regenerated during aerobic cellular respiration by the enzyme ATP \\\______.

    <p>synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biological molecules with their characteristics:

    <p>DNA = Double-stranded structure RNA = Single-stranded structure Carbohydrates = Polymers of monosaccharides Lipids = Not polymers of monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper name for the bond formed between monosaccharides during dehydration synthesis?

    <p>Glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disaccharides are formed by joining three monosaccharides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary storage polysaccharide in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starches are linear chains of __________ monomers.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of fatty acid with its description:

    <p>Saturated fatty acids = Contain only single covalent C-C bonds Unsaturated fatty acids = Contain one or more C-C double bonds Triglycerides = Three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol Eicosanoids = Signaling molecules derived from fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipids represent about 18-25% of total body mass in humans?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans possess the enzymes to break the bonds in cellulose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule are triglycerides formed from?

    <p>Fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids have a __________ group at one end of the hydrocarbon chain.

    <p>carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of triglycerides?

    <p>One glycerol and three fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Molecules

    • Contain carbon as a primary element; start with carbon skeletons connected by covalent bonds.
    • Molecules comprising only carbon and hydrogen are classified as hydrocarbons.
    • Functional groups, which are atoms or molecules attached to the carbon skeleton, alter the chemical properties and functions of organic molecules, such as steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.

    Biological Molecules

    • Composed of complex organic compounds; contain trillions of organic molecules in every cell, primarily in the form of polymers made from monomers.
    • Four main types of biological monomers: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

    Carbohydrates

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, representing 2-3% of total body mass.
    • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are the monomers for carbohydrates.
    • Joined through dehydration synthesis to form glycosidic linkages; include disaccharides (two monosaccharides) and polysaccharides (hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides).
    • Examples include glycogen (animal storage) and starch (plant storage), distinguished by the stereochemistry of glycosidic bonds.
    • Humans cannot digest cellulose due to the lack of specific enzymes.

    Lipids

    • Hydrophobic in nature, consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen, constituting 18-25% of body mass.
    • Types of lipids: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
    • Saturated fatty acids have only single C-C bonds, whereas unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more C-C double bonds.
    • Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and glycerol; they can be solid (fats) or liquid (oils) at room temperature.

    Proteins

    • Formed by amino acids linked through peptide bonds via dehydration synthesis.
    • Peptides are short chains of amino acids; polypeptides are long chains (10-2000 amino acids).
    • Protein structure is classified into four levels:
      • Primary: amino acid sequence based on gene sequence.
      • Secondary: folding patterns like α-helices and β-sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
      • Tertiary: three-dimensional shape influenced by primary/secondary structure, including disulfide bridges and hydrophobic interactions.
      • Quaternary: arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains; not all proteins have this structure.
    • Types include fibrous proteins (e.g., keratin) and globular proteins (e.g., antibodies and enzymes).
    • Denaturation occurs when proteins lose structure, rendering them biologically inactive.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, existing as DNA or RNA.
    • DNA is the hereditary material, made up of genes, and undergoes transcription to form RNA.
    • Nucleotide monomers consist of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group.
    • DNA bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine; RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
    • DNA forms a double helix with base pairs (purine pairs with pyrimidine) contributing to its stability; RNA is typically single-stranded.
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as the energy currency in cells, synthesized through aerobic respiration, and releases energy via hydrolysis.

    Summary

    • Biological molecules encompass carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; all except lipids are polymers of monomers.
    • Structure significantly influences the function of biological molecules.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of organic molecules including carbon skeletons, hydrocarbons, and functional groups. This quiz will test your understanding of these essential components and their significance in chemistry.

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