Organic Chemistry: Anthraquinone Glycosides

Stimulant laxatives that increase colon muscle tone and stimulate water/electrolyte secretion.

A type of laxative that increases bowel movements by stimulating the colon.

The degree of contraction in the muscles of the large intestine.

Release of water and salts into the large intestine.

A substance to induce bowel movements.

Isolate anthraquinone glycosides.

A large container often used for initial mixing.

Separates substances by spinning at high speed.

Separates immiscible liquids by using different densities.

Maintains a constant steady temperature.

Anthranol glycosides cause a stronger reaction compared to anthraquinone glycosides.

Anthraquinone glycosides cause a milder reaction compared to anthranol glycosides.

Some drugs derived from anthranols and anthroneselicit discomfort and strong gripping sensations.

Cascara, Frangula, Hypericum, and Senna are commonly used anthranol-based drugs.

Anthranol glycosides have a more intense reaction than anthraquinone glycosides.

A technique used to separate the aglycone part (monoanthrone) from the glycone part of an anthraquinone glycoside. Chloroform, an organic solvent, preferentially dissolves the aglycone, while the glycone remains in the aqueous layer.

The non-sugar portion of an anthraquinone glycoside. It is often hydrophobic (water-repelling) and soluble in organic solvents like chloroform.

The sugar portion of an anthraquinone glycoside. It is hydrophilic (water-loving) and remains in the aqueous layer during chloroform extraction.

The chloroform layer containing the aglycone part (monoanthrone) after extraction. This fraction is isolated and further analyzed for specific anthraquinone glycosides.

A laboratory tool used to separate immiscible liquids (liquids that don't mix) based on their density.

A chemical test used to identify the aglycone part of anthraquinone glycosides.

The non-sugar part of a glycoside, specifically the anthraquinone molecule in this case.

A weak solution of ammonia in water, commonly used in Borntrager's test as a reagent.

A portion of the glycosides extracted from a plant, often containing a mixture of different glycosides.

A process of heating a mixture with continuous condensation and return of the vapors to the reaction vessel. This technique allows for prolonged heating without loss of volatile reactants.

A concentrated solution of iron chloride in water. This solution is typically used as a reagent to detect the presence of certain compounds.

A highly acidic solution of hydrogen chloride in water. This acid is used to adjust the pH of the reaction mixture.

Ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid are added during reflux to promote a chemical reaction. This process is likely used to modify the glycosides or induce a specific transformation.

A method of extraction where plant material is boiled in water to extract soluble compounds.

Chloroform is used to extract the non-sugar part (aglycone) of anthraquinone glycosides, which is soluble in organic solvents.

Borntrager's test identifies the presence of the aglycone part of anthraquinone glycosides.

Reflux allows prolonged heating without losing volatile reactants by continuously condensing and returning vapors to the reaction vessel.

Borntrager's Test is used to identify the presence of aglycones in a sample.

When an anthraquinone glycoside is broken down, it releases the 'active' part, the aglycone.

Because they can irritate the colon and cause strong gripping sensations due to their anthraquinone content.

Monoanthrones produce a clearer pink color in the Borntrager's test compared to dianthrones, indicating their presence or absence.

The non-sugar portion (anthraquinone molecule) of anthraquinone glycosides obtained after chloroform extraction.

The intensity of the pink color produced in Borntrager's test indicates the relative abundance of monoanthrones compared to dianthrones. A stronger pink color suggests a higher concentration of monoanthrones.

The solvent mixture used in chromatography, moving the compounds through the stationary phase. It's a combination of n-propanol, ethyl acetate, and water (60:30:30) in this case.

A known substance used for reference during analysis, helping to identify and quantify the target compound (sennoside in this case).

A chemical solution used to visualize the separated compounds on the chromatography plate. It's Alcoholic KOH 5%w/v in this case.

The process by which compounds are separated based on their different affinities to the stationary phase. Here, it's 'adsorption' - compounds stick to the stationary phase differently.

The process where the mobile phase carrying the compounds moves upwards on the stationary phase, leading to separation based on their interactions.