Functional group 2

<p>Hydrogenation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double bonds have more accessible electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cracking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>π bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C_nH_{2n-2} (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sp hybridized hydrogens have a pKa of approximately 25. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal alkynes have higher boiling points due to stronger Van der Waals forces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydration reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkynes are less reactive than alkenes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contain triple C-C bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleophilic substitution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases acidity significantly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain only C-C and C-H bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrophilic addition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stability of the carbocation intermediate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cis isomers are generally less stable than trans isomers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperconjugation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They generally increase with molecular weight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are stronger than sp3-sp3 bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a nucleophile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stability of the carbocation formed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most stable carbocation is formed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary carbocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protonation of water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-Markovnikov addition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereospecific trans addition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bromonium ion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces positive charge concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogenation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HCl bond energy is too strong (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only one constitutional isomer is produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They donate electron density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low stability and high reactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a radical initiator like H2O2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tautomerization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lindlar catalyst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of ketones through tautomerization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Markovnikov addition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-Markovnikov addition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vinylic carbocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radical mechanism addition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkynes with two halogens on the same carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in the first step of certain addition reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aromatic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkyne polymerization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Following the Markovnikov rule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both atoms are bonded to the same side of the double bond.

Both atoms are bonded to opposite sides of the double bond.

The process of converting a cis isomer to a trans isomer or vice versa.

A reaction where a molecule gains electrons. It reacts with an electron-seeking species called an electrophile.

A compound containing a carbon-carbon double bond.

A substance that accepts a pair of electrons.

A reaction where a molecule gains hydrogen atoms.

A reaction where a molecule loses hydrogen atoms.

The C=C double bond consists of a strong sigma bond and a weaker pi bond. This pi bond is the site of reactivity. It is a region of high electron density and is susceptible to attack by electrophiles (electron-loving species).

This rule states that in the addition of a protic acid (HX) to an alkene, the hydrogen atom of HX adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms.

This is a type of reaction in which an electrophile attacks an electron-rich species, typically an alkene, leading to the formation of a new sigma bond, and the pi bond breaks.

This reaction involves the addition of a hydrogen halide (HX) to an alkene. The hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms (Markovnikov's rule).

This involves the addition of water (H2O) to an alkene, leading to the formation of an alcohol. The hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms (Markovnikov's rule) and the hydroxyl group (OH) adds to the other carbon.

This involves the addition of halogens (X2, like Cl2 or Br2) to an alkene. The addition occurs across the double bond, resulting in a dihaloalkane.

This refers to the stability of a carbocation formed during electrophilic addition reactions. More substituted carbocations are more stable due to the electron-donating effect of alkyl groups.

This is a measure of how easily an acid gives up a proton. Alkenes have a very high pKa, indicating they are extremely weak acids. Their pKa values are remarkably high compared to even water, which is a much weaker acid.

Terminal alkynes have the triple bond at the end of the carbon chain, while internal alkynes have the triple bond within the carbon chain.

Alkynes can undergo addition reactions, similar to alkenes, where atoms or groups add to the triple bond.

Alkynes react in a similar way to alkenes, but they can undergo two rounds of addition reactions to fully saturate the molecule.

Alkynes have a slightly higher pKa than alkanes due to the sp hybridization of the carbon atom next to the triple bond.

Alkylation of terminal alkynes involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom with an alkyl group.

Alkylation of terminal alkynes follows a nucleophilic substitution mechanism.

The addition of a hydrogen halide (HX) to an alkene.

The step where a carbocation is formed.

The step where a nucleophile adds to the carbocation, forming a new bond.

A symmetrical alkene can produce only one product when HX is added.

An alkene with different substituents on each side of the double bond.

The stabilizing interaction between a p orbital and C-H σ bonds on neighboring carbons.

The addition of HBr to an alkene in the presence of peroxides, where the bromine atom attaches to the less-substituted carbon.

A reaction where the addition of a reagent to an alkene occurs from the same side, resulting in a cis-product.

A type of reaction where the addition of a reagent to a molecule is determined by the electronic effects of the substituents.

An addition reaction is a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with no atoms being lost in the process. For alkynes, this involves adding atoms across the triple bond.

Markovnikov's rule states that in the addition of a protic acid (HX) to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of HX adds to the carbon atom of the double or triple bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms. This is because it results in the more stable carbocation intermediate.

A carbocation is a species with a positively charged carbon atom. In alkyne reactions, the formation of carbocations during the addition of HX is an important step. More substituted carbocations (those with more alkyl groups attached) are more stable.

Anti-Markovnikov addition is a type of addition reaction where the hydrogen atom of HX attaches to the carbon atom with the fewer hydrogen atoms. This goes against Markovnikov's rule and requires specific conditions.

A radical initiator is a substance that generates free radicals in a reaction. These radicals can start chain reactions. Peroxides are commonly used as radical initiators in anti-Markovnikov addition to alkynes. It allows the reaction to proceed through a radical mechanism rather than a carbocation mechanism.

Hydration of alkynes involves adding water across the triple bond. It proceeds via a similar mechanism to alkene hydration, involving a carbocation intermediate.

Tautomerization is a type of isomerism where two isomers rapidly interconvert. In hydration of alkynes, an enol (an alcohol with the OH group attached to an alkene) is formed, which quickly tautomerizes into a more stable ketone, with the double bond and the OH group turning into a carbonyl group.

Hydrogenation of alkynes is the addition of hydrogen across the triple bond. It can lead to complete reduction to an alkane or partial reduction to an alkene, depending on the catalyst used.

Syn addition occurs when two atoms or groups are added to the same side of the double bond or triple bond. Anti addition occurs when two atoms or groups are added to opposite sides of the double bond or triple bond.

A Lindlar catalyst is a partially deactivated catalyst used in the hydrogenation of alkynes. It stops the reaction at the alkene stage, not allowing further reduction to an alkane. It allows for the selective preparation of cis-alkenes.

Geminal dihaloalkanes contain two halogen atoms bonded to the same carbon atom. They can be obtained through the reaction of alkynes with halogens.

Acetylides are carbon anions with the formula R-C≡C-. They are strong bases and good nucleophiles. They can be formed by reacting alkynes with a strong base, like sodium amide (NaNH2).

Terminal alkynes have the triple bond at the end of the carbon chain, while internal alkynes have the triple bond somewhere in the middle of the chain.

Alkynes undergo various reactions which make them versatile reagents. They can be used to produce a wide variety of compounds including alkenes, alkanes, ketones, and geminal dihaloalkanes, depending on reaction conditions.